• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.267-275
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• 2000

To evaluate the characteristics and efficiency of oxygen transfer rate of a polystyrene foam bead as media in a packed column aerator was tested. This media has more surface area and cheaper than other ordinary plastic media. The polystyrene foam media was a sphere-shaped bead with 2.5 mm in diameter and specific surface area was 1,350 $m^2$/$m^3$. Oxygen transfer rate and standard aeration efficiency were tested under different hydraulic loading rates, depths of the media and temperatures. Experiment 1 was performed using a small packed column aerator with 10 cm in diameter and 1 m in length. The aerator filled with 0, 4.5, 9.0 and 18.0 cm of the media was tested under hydraulic loading rates of 2.0, 4.0 and 5.6 $m^3$/$m^2$/min at temperatures of 20, 25 and 3$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. In this experiment, standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR) increased with the hydraulic loading rate and depth of the media increased. The maximum SOTR was reached at 5.6 $m^3$/$m^2$/min of hydraulic loading rate with 9 cm in depth of the media. However, standard aeration efficiency (SAE) decreased with the hydraulic loading rate increased because electricity consumed by pump increased as hydraulic loading rate increased. The highest SAE was reached at hydraulic loading rate of 2.0 $m^3$/$m^2$/min with 9.0 cm in depth of the media. Therefore, the highest SOTR and SAE were achieved at 9.0 cm in depth of the media regardless of the hydraulic loading rate. The maximum SAE was about 1.8 kg $O_2$/kW-hr with the hydraulic loading .ate of $m^3$/$m^2$/min at temperature of 20 $^{\circ}C$.Experiment 2 was performed using a larger aerator, 20 cm in diameter with 2 m in height. The aerator filled with 0, 9, 18, 27 and 36 cm of the media was operated under hydraulic loading rate of 2.0, 4.0 and 5.6 $m^3$/$m^2$/min at temperature of 27 $^{\circ}C$. The SAE reached to the highest efficiency (1.9 kg $O_2$/kW-hr) at 2.0 $m^3$/$m^2$/min of hydraulic loading rate and 36 cm in depth of the media. According to the above results, the polystyrene foam bead as a media in a packed column aerator was effective to increase oxygen transfer rate.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.265-270
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• 1989

The present study considers the thermal structure variation in a porous medium caused by changing the most important radiative property of porous medium, absorption coefficient, as well as altering the physical dimension of porous medium and the equivalence ratio of premixed gas mixture. The radiation model was introduced as an unsteady differential form using the two-flux gray radiation model. The role of the conductive heat transfer through both gas phase and porous medium was found to be almost insignificant compared with that of the radiative heat transfer. The reaction zone shifted upstream and the flame thickness decreased as either the geometrical length of porous medium increased or the absorption coefficient decreased.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.51-51
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• 2011

1991년 스위스연방기술원(EPFL) 화학과 교수 Michae Gratzel이 발명한 염료감응 태양전지 (DSSC)는 값싼 원료와 저가공비 면에서 가장 경쟁력 있는 기술의 하나로 큰 기대를 받고 있다. 염료감응 태양전지의 특징은 전극기판의 재료나 염료를 바꿈으로서 형상이나 색체에 다양성을 갖도록 할 수 있다. 일반적인 염료감응 태양전지의 원리는 태양광이 염료 분자에 흡수, 염료는 여기상태가 되어 전자를 n형 반도체인 $TiO_2$의 전도대로 흘리고, 전자는 TCO전극으로 이동하여 외부 부하에 전기 에너지를 전달하고 상대전극으로 이동, 염료는 $TiO_2$에 전달한 전자 수만큼 전해질로부터 전자를 공급 받아 원래의 상태로 돌아가게 되는 원리에 의하여 발전된다. 전해질로는 $I^-/I_3^-$와 같이 산화-환원 종으로 구성되어 있으며, $I^-$ 이온의 source로는 LiI, NaI,이미다졸리움 요오드 등이 사용되며, $I_3^-$는 이온은 $I_2$를 용매에 녹여 생성시킨다. 전해질 매질은 acetonitrile과 같은 액체 또는 PVdF와 같은 고분자가 사용될 수 있다. 액체형의 경우 산화-환원 이온 종이 매질 내에서 신속하게 움직여 염료의 재생을 원활하게 도와주기 때문에 높은 에너지 변환 효율이 가능하지만, 전극 간의 접합이 완벽하지 못할 경우 누액의 문제를 가지고 있다. 반면, 고분자를 매질로 채택할 경우에는 누액의 염료는 없지만 산화-환원 종의 움직임이 둔화되어 에너지 변환 효율에 나쁜 영향을 줄 수 있다. 따라서 고분자 전해질을 사용할 경우에는 산화-환원 이온 종이 매질 내에서 신속하게 전달 될 수 있도록 설계하는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구는 염료감응 태양전지에서 가장 큰 문제가 되고 있는 고체 전해질의 산화-환원 이온 종이 매질 내에서 신속하게 전달 될 수 있도록 dimethylsulfoxide solvent 에 녹말 일정량을 녹여 Starch-$I_2$ complex 를 시켜주므로, 광 전압{\cdot}{\cdot}$전가 증가되었으며, 전지의 안정성이 향상되었다.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.233-244
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• 2009

This study was focused on the transducer and suitable contact material for stone cultural heritage, and the correlation of direct-indirect method in rock types for scientific development and quantitative evaluation technique of the ultrasonic measurements. As a result, it was identified the transducer (UTREXTX(RX)54kHz) and contact material (rubber clay) of the type 3 were appropriate for the ultrasonic measurements of stone cultural heritage. The direct-indirect correction factors of type 3 were calculated 1.50 for granite, 1.38 for gabbro, 1.58 for quartz diorite, respectively. This result is the first study for improvement in reliability for the ultrasonic measurements, and it will contribute to establishment of the ultrasonic survey method for stone cultural heritage. Also, complementary studies considering the surface irregularity of rocks and various contact materials will carry out, and the database about correlation of direct-indirect in rock types will establish.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• autumn
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• pp.251-256
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• 1999

보일러등의 관벽에 부착되는 스케일 방지용으로 설계된 초음파 발신기는 전기적 신호를 기계적신호로 변환시켜주는 진동자와 발생된 초음파를 부하매질에 전달하는 도파봉으로 구성된다. 본 논문에서는 진동자로 사용되는 자왜소자의 형상설계와 진동자에서 발생된 초음파를 증폭시켜 부하매질로 전달되기위한 몇가지 형태의 도파봉에 대해 이론해석 및 FEM 해석을 수행하였다. 또한 제작된 초음파 발신기의 성능을 음압측정을 통해 확인하였다.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.341-348
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• 1991

An efficient tool to deal with a multi-dimensional radiative heat transfer is in strong demand to analyze various thermal problems combined either with other modes of heat transfer or with combustion phenomena. The current study examined the discrete ordinates method (DOM) for a coupled radiative and conductive heat transfer in rectangular enclosures in which either nonscattering or scattering medium is present. The results were compared with the other benchmarked approximate solution. The efficiency and accuracy of the DOM were thus validated.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.175-184
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• 1996

A nuclide transfer by utilizing mass transfer coefficient and barrier response function defined for each barrier is proposed, by which the final nuclide transfer rate into the sea water can be evaluated. When simple and immediate quantification of the nuclide release is necessary in the conservative aspect, using this kind of approach may be advantageous since each layered barrier can be treated separately from other media in series in the repository system, making it possible to apply separate solutions in succession to other various media. Although one disadvantage is that while flux continuity can be maintained at the interface by using the exit nuclide flux from the first medium as the source flux for the next one, there may be no guarantee for concentration continuity, this problem could be eliminated assuming that there is no boundary resistance to mass transfer across the interface. Mass transfer coefficient can be determined by the assumption that the nuclide concentration gradient at the interface between adjacent barriers remains constant and barrier response function is obtained from an analytical expression for nuclide flow rate out of each barrier in response to a unit impulse into the barrier multiplied by mass transfer coefficient. Total time-dependent nuclide transfer rate from the barrier can then be obtained by convoluting the response function for the barrier with a previously calculated set of time-varying input of nuclide flow rate for the previous barrier.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.82.2-82.2
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• 2008

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• spring
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• pp.381-384
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• 2002

이종 매질에서 초음파전달은 각 매질의 음향임피던스에 영향을 받는다. 초음파진동자로 사용되는 압전소자와 매질로 가장 많이 사용되는 물은 음향임피던스 차이가 크므로 경계면에서 투과율이 감소한다. 이를 개선하기 위해 압전소자와 물 사이에 음향정합층을 삽입하여 사용한다. 정합층은 1 layer로 사용되는 경우도 있지만, 넓은 대역폭을 요구하는 분야에서는 2 layer가 사용된다. 본 논문에서는 1 layer 정합층를 갖는 초음파 트랜스듀서에 대해 시간영역에서 해석하는 기법을 분석하였으며, 이를 근거로 매질 사이의 물리적 특성을 고려하여 2 layer 정합층을 갖는 초음파트랜스듀서를 해석하였다. 해석결과 2 layer 정합층일 경우 1 layer에 비해 공진주파수에서의 이득은 감소하였으나 대역폭이 증가됨을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.267-278
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• 2015

In this study, the elastomer cover, a new contact material, was developed to establish the customized ultrasonic measurement considering surface irregularities of stone cultural heritages. The cover exhibits high elastic force and wear resistance because it has tensile strength of 17MPa and elongation of 625%. In addition, as a result of comparative experiments for the seven types according to transducers and contact materials including the elastomer cover, rock surface irregularities significantly affect attenuation of ultrasonic velocity. The phenomenon was more noticeable in the chiseling finish and indirect transmission measurement rather than the dabbed finish and direct transmission measurement. However, the Type F using the exponential transducer and elastomer cover showed stable P-wave velocity and high amplitude regardless of the surface irregularities. This because the elastomer cover sufficiently sticks to surface irregularities and removes pores between a transducer and a rock specimen. Therefore, the Type F should be used for the ultrasonic measurement of stone cultural heritages with surface irregularities.