• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.157-171
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• 2022

Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a traditional and representative geophysical method for determining the resistivity distributions of surrounding soil and rock volumes. Depth resolution profiles and sensitivity distribution sections of the resistivities with respect to various electrode configurations are calculated and investigated using numerical model data. Shallow vertical resolution decreases in the order of Wenner, Schlumberger, and dipole-dipole arrays. A high investigable depth in homogeneous medium is calculated to be 0.11-0.19 times the active electrode spacing, but is counterbalanced by a low vertical resolution. For the application of ERT depth resolution profiles and sensitivity distributions, we provide subsurface structure models for two types of land-creping failure (planar and curved), subvertical fracture, and weathered layer over felsic and mafic igneous rocks. The dipole-dipole configuration appears to be most effective for mapping land-creeping failure planes (especially for curved planes), whereas the Wenner array gives the best resolution of soil horizons and shallow structures in the weathered zone.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
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• 2011.03a
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• pp.83-83
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• 2011

나노섬유는 마이크로 섬유에 비해 $10^3$배 정도의 넓은 표면적을 가지며, 다른 섬유와 비교하여 유연성, 투습성과 같은 특성이 우수하다. 나노섬유의 제조방법은 여러 가지가 있으나, 상용화의 가능성, 적용 고분자의 다양성, 제조공정의 단순성, 다양한 제품기술에의 응용성 등을 고려하여 선택하여야 한다. 나노섬유의 제조기술은 방법에 따라 전기방사, 복합방사, 멜트블로운 공정, 에어레이드 공정, 습식 공정 등으로 나눌 수 있다. 전기방사 등 나노섬유를 대량생산하여 상용화하려는 노력을 지속적으로 하고 있으나 나노섬유의 염색가공에 관련되어 기술적 한계로 제품전개에 많은 어려움을 겪고 있다. 그리하여 본 연구에서는 나노섬유 단독으로 제품화하기에는 강도 등의 문제로 PET에 워터펀칭한 복합소재로 개발하여 900nm 이하의 나노섬유에 대한 최적의 날염조건과 현장적용 생산기술을 개발하고자 하였다. 나노섬유 복합소재에 대하여 Brown, Red, Blue, Black 색상의 안료와 Urethane, Rubber, Acrylic, Eco Binder를 사용하여 날염 실험하였으며, 최적의 조건으로 현장생산에 적용하여 생산하였다. 안료의 고착성을 높여 날염성과 염색견뢰도를 증진시키기 위하여 원적외선 열처리기를 개발하여 현장생산에 접목시켰다. 원적외선 열처리기는 벙커C유 또는 가스 등을 사용하는 텐터나 증열기와는 다르게 전기를 에너지원으로 하여 원적외선 램프를 이용한 건열시스템의 형태로 저공해 및 그린 형태의 열처리기 시스템으로, 섬유에 대한 원적외선의 조사거리, 원적외선 램프의 간격, 적용 온도, 원단이송 속도 등에 따른 최적의 원적외선 열처리기 날염조건을 설정하였다. 바인더에 따른 날염성은 우레탄계 바인더를 사용하였을 경우에 가장 선명하고 깊은 색상을 보였으며, 아크릴계 바인더의 경우가 가장 낮은 색상을 보였으며 염색견뢰도는 대체적으로 양호한 결과를 얻었다. 그리고, 최근 환경적인 추세에 맞추어 에코 바인더를 사용하여 날염한 결과 염색성과 내구성 등은 우레탄계와 아크릴계 바인더의 중간 정도의 결과를 보였다.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.954-962
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• 1996

Four kind of polysilanes which had side chains of methyl, phenyl, and mixed structures, were synthesized and modified by doping with iodine. The structural, thermal, and electric characteristics of obtained polymers were systematically observed with iodine, The structural, thermal, and electric characteristics of obtained polymers were systematically observed with FT-IR, UV/VIS, TGA/DTG, DSC, and measurement of electric conductivity. From FT-IR spectra, it was confirmed that the synthesized polysilanes had side chains of methyl, phenyl, and mixed structures. The thermal stabilities of the polymers were found to increase with phenyl substituents. The polysilanes with phenyl side groups showed ${\sigma}-{\sigma}*$ transition absorption at wavelengths longer than 350 nm. The bathochromic shift of polysilanes with phenyl substituents relates probably to the narrowed band gap caused by delocalization of ${\pi}$-electron. The polymers doped with iodine showed multi-step pyrolysis behavior and higher residue compared with that of the undoped polymers. The electric conductivities of the undoped and doped polysilanes were $10^{-5}S/cm$ and $10^{-4}S/cm$, respectively.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.139-149
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• 1997

Electrical resistivity monitoring methods were adopted to detect groundwater table change in alluvium. Numerical modelling test using finite element method(FEM) and field resisfivity monitoring were conducted in the study. The field monitoring data were acquired in the alluvium deposit site in Jeong-Dong Ri, Geum River where pumping test had been conducted continuously for 20 days to make artificial changes of groundwater table. The unit distance of the electrode array was 4m and 21 fixed electrodes were applied in numerical calculation and field data acquisition. "Modified Wenner" and dipole-dipole array configurations were used in the study. The models used in two-dimensional numerical test were designed on the basis of the simplifving geological model of the alluvium in Jeong Dong Ri, Geum River. Numerical test results show that the apparent resistivity pseudosections were changed in the vicinity of the pootion where groundwater table was changed. Furthermore, there are some apparent resistivity changes in the boundary between aquifer and crystalline basement rock which overlays the aquifer. The field monitoring data also give similar results which were observed in numerical tests. From the numerical test using FEM and field resistivity monitoring observations in alluvium site of Geum River, the electrical monitoring method is proved to be a useful tool for detecting groundwater behavior including groundwater table change. There are some limitations, however, in the application of the resistivity method only because the change of groundwater table does not give enough variations in the apparent resistivity pseudosections to estimate the amount of groundwater table change. For the improved detection of groundwater table changes, it is desirable to combine the resistivity method with other geophysical methods that reveal the underground image such as high-resolution seismic and/or ground penetrating radar surveys.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.110-114
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• 2001

In order to obtain the geological information of the shallow subsurface and the characteristics of resistivity curves to the lateral extent of the gold bearing gravel layer underlaid by a thick layer, electrical resistivity surveys had been carried out in the northern area of Takaoi village, Kalimantan, Indonesia from September 30th to October 27th in 1999. The Dipole-Dipole (Dp-Dp) resistivity survey was carried out with a electrode spacing of A=3m, 5m and electrode separation index n=10, and the vertical electrical sounding (VES) of the Schlumberger type was performed at 6 sites. The interpretation of the Dp-Dp data and VES curves by computer modeling indicates 5 classified layers as the horizontal structure. And the characteristics of VES curves shows us KH type.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 2000

Using the phytogram system, this study monitored hourly environmental factors(climate and soil), and radial growths and cambium activities of conifers in Worak mountain for 28 months from May 1996 to October 1998 to examine the influences of climatic factors on tree growths/carnbium activities of conifers in Worak Mountain, Korea. The phytogram system first puts a fine electrode into cambial zone. This device can automatically record environmental factors and cambium electrochemistry(hydration and proton levels). Dendrometers are attached to the phytogram for monitoring seasonal dynamics of cambial growth. We compared the results of radial growth by species and by diameter class. The growth decreased in order of Larix leptolepis, Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigida. Pre-monsoon growths were fast and May-June moisture regime was the most critical for all species. In the middle of September, radial growths were finished. The proton level and stem diameter reached the minimum at 4 p.m. On the other hand, the hydration level reached the maximum at 4 p.m. This diurnal change resulted from transpiration and the release of water from phloem storage to sapwood through xylem stream.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 1998

Circular metal electrodes were vacuum-deposited with chromium on the both sides of Teflon-FEP and PET film characteristic of electret and the physical properties of the two polymers were observed during an irradiation by gamma-ray from $\^$60/Co. With the onset of irradiation of output 25.0 cGy/min the induced current increased rapidly for 2 sec, reached a maximum, and subsequently decreased. A steady-state induced current was reached about in 60 second. The dielectric constant and conductivity of Teflon-FEP were changed from 2.15 to 18.0 and from l${\times}$l0$\^$-17/ to 1.57${\times}$10$\^$-13/ $\Omega$-$\^$-1/cm$\^$-1/, respectively. For PET the dielectric constant was changed from 3 to 18.3 and the conductivity from 10$\^$-17/ to 1.65${\times}$10$\^$-13/ $\Omega$-$\^$-1/cm$\^$-1/. The increase of the radiation-induced steady state current I$\^$c/, permittivity $\varepsilon$ and conductivity $\sigma$ with output(4.0 cGy/min, 8.5 cGy/min, 15.6 cGy/min, 19.3 cGy/min) was observed. A series of independent measurements were also performed to evaluate reproducibility and revealed less than 1% deviation in a day and 3% deviation in a long term. Charge and current showed the dependence on the interval between measurements, the smaller the interval was, the bigger the difference between initial reading and next reading was. At least in 20 minutes of next reading reached an initial value. It may indicate that the polymers were exhibiting an electret state for a while. These results can be explained by the internal polarization associated with the production of electron-hole pairs by secondary electrons, the change of conductivity and the equilibrium due to recombination etc. Heating to the sample made the reading value increase in a short time, it may be interpreted that the internal polarization was released due to heating and it contributed the number of charge carriers to increase when the samples was again irradiated. The linearity and reproducibility of the samples with the applied voltage and absorbed dose and a large amount of charge measured per unit volume compared with the other chambers give the feasibility of a radiation detector and make it possible to reduce the volume of a detector.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.351-364
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• 2002

Conventional 3D ultrasound imaging using mechanical ID arrays suffers from poor elevation resolution due to the limited depth-of-focus (DOF). On the other hand, 3D imaging systems using 2D phased arrays have a large number of active channels and hence require a very expensive and bulky beamforming hardware. To overcome these limitations, a new real-time volumetric imaging method using curved 2-D arrays is presented, in which a small subaperture, consisting of 256 elements, moves across the array surface to scan a volume of interest. For this purpose, a 2-D curved array is designed which consists of 90$\times$46 elements with 1.5λ inter-element spacing and has the same view angles along both the lateral and elevation directions as those of a commercial mechanical 1-D array. In the proposed method, transmit and receive subapertures are constructed by cutting the four corners of a rectangular aperture to obtain a required image qualify with a small number of active channels. In addition the receive subaperture size is increased by using a sparse array scheme that uses every other elements in both directions. To suppress the grating lobes elevated due to the increase in clement spacing, fold-over array scheme is adopted in transmit, which doubles the effective size of a transmit aperture in each direction. Computer simulation results show that the proposed method can provide almost the same and greatly improved resolutions in the lateral and elevation directions, respectively compared with the conventional 3D imaging with a mechanical 1-D array.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 1998

The electrical resistivity method, one of old and widely used geophysical prospecting methods, has extended its scope to civil & environmental engineering areas. The electrical resistivity imaging technique was performed at the waste disposal site located in Junju to verify the applicability to the environmental engineering area. The dipole-dipole array, with the dipole spacing of 10 m, was applied along eight survey lines. The field data were obtained under the control of automatic acquisition softwares and topographic effects were corrected during processing stage. The processed resistivity images show that very low resistivity develops inside the disposal site and the distribution of low resistivity is exactly in accord with the boundary of the site except the river side. The depth of low resistivity zones is deeper toward the river side, which is interpreted that there is a high possibility for contaminants to be scattered to the river. From resistivity images, it was feasible to deduce the depth of waste disposal as well as the horizontal/vertical distribution of the contaminated zone, which proved the applicability of the electrical resistivity imaging technique to the environmental engineering area.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.29-34
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• 2002

Our previous studies investigated that narrow field of view (FOV : 50˚) and slow navigation speed decreased the frequency of occurrence and severity of cybersickness during immersion in the virtual reality (VR). It would cause a significant reduction of cybersickness if it were provided cybersickness alleviating virtual environment (CAVE) using biofeedback method whenever subject underwent physiological agitation. For verifying the hypothesis, we constructed a real-time cybersickness detection and feedback system with artificial neural network whose inputs are electrophysiological parameters of blood pulse volume, skin conductance, eye blink, skin temperature, heart period, and EEG. The system temporary provided narrow FOV and decreased speed of navigation as feedback outputs whenever physiological measures signal the occurrence of cybersickness. We examined the frequency and severity of cybersickness from simulator sickness questionnaires and self-report in 36 subjects. All subjects experienced VR two times in CAVE and non-CAVE condition at one-month intervals. The frequency and severity of cybersickness were significantly reduced in CAVE than non-CAVE condition. Virtual environment of narrow FOV and slow navigation provided by electrophysiological features based artificial neural network caused a significant reduction of cybersickness symptoms. These results showed that efficiency of a cybersickness detection system we developed was relatively high and subjects expressed more comfortable in the virtual navigation environment.