• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.176-180
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• 1986

A study was carried out to investigate the threshold values of four taste qualities by using electrogustometer for Korean female college students. The mean values of taste threshold before the treatments were for $7.5{\mu}A$, sweet taste area, $19.6{\mu}A$, salty taste area, $23.5{\mu}A$, sour taste area, $18.4{\mu}A$, bitter taste area and $50.7{\mu}A$, middle area, respectively. The thresholds of taste for the each area of tongue of the after-treatments were more sensitive than those of the before-treatments except the after-treatment with sodium chloride in which the sensitivity was much reduced. There were no significant differences between the thresholds of left and right side of the tongue. (p＜0.05). Taste qualities of electrical stimuli were also evaluated by using electrogustometer. The major tastes (Approx. 90%) of the feelings for the electrical stimuli were metallic, sour, bitter and salty.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.177-185
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• 2007

Iatrogenic injury following dental treatments and the use of local anesthetics may cause taste disorders. The aims of this study were to investigate quantitative and qualitative changes of taste due to unilateral inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia and further to evaluate potential effects on taste function related to anesthesia or hypoesthesia of inferior alveolar nerve, possibly occurring after dental procedure. 30 healthy volunteers in their twenties participated in this study (male to female = 1:1, mean age of $24.0{\pm}1.8$ years). Each subject received inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia on his or her right side with 2% lidocaine HCl containing 1:100,000 epinephrine. Before and after anesthesia, electrogustometric test and chemical localized test for salty, sweet, sour and bitter tastes were performed on the eight sites in the oral cavity; right and left anterior and lateral tongue and circumvallate papilla of the tongue and soft palate. Unilateral inferior alveolar nerve anesthesia produced elevation of electrical taste threshold and reduction of intensity ratings for all 4 tastes (salty, sweet, sour and bitter) over anterior and lateral tongue and circumvallate papilla on the ipsilateral side (p<0.05). Contralateral sides exhibited decreased intensity ratings for salty and sweet taste (p<0.05) on anterior and lateral tongue while there was no significant difference in electrogustometric testing. Based on the results of this study, it is assumed that unilateral local anesthesia on inferior alveolar nerve can affect chorda tympani and glossopharyngeal nerves on the same side, leading to taste deficits. Taste intensity on the contralateral side may, in part, be deteriorated as well.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.69-76
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS) on the alteration of pressure pain threshold of myofascial trigger points. We used fifty nine patients with upper trapezius mayofascial pain syndrome. Participants classified according to each group in conventional TENS(high rate, low intensity) and acupuncture like TENS(low rate, high intensity). The test was measured continuously pre test, post-test by algometer. The following results were obtained; 1. Pressure pain threshold were significantly increased in all groups(p<.001). 2. In comparison between groups, pressure pain threshold were not significantly differenced. These results lead us to the conclusion that each method by TENS were significantly increased pressure pain threshold of upper trapezius trigger points. Therefore, a further direction of this study will be to provide more evidence that TENS method have an effect on pressure pain threshold of myofascial trigger points.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 1985

It is important to minimize the electric power consumption to stimulate the marine fish, for the much electric power consumption is required to induce the response. The experiment was made to find out the threshold value for the electrotaxis or electronarcosis on amber fish, Seriola aureovitta(TEMMINCK et SCHLEGEL). The impulse rate and width which minimize the electric power consumption were examined. The experiment was carried out in the acryl tank(49W$\times$175L$\times$50Hcm) which is equipped with the two electrodes. The results obtained are as follows: 1) The electric power consumption which is required to induce the electorates and electronarcosis is tended to decrease as the lower impulse rate. 2) The mean electric power consumption for the electronarcosis is about 4.5~10 times of the electrotaxis. 3) The impulse width which minimize the electric power consumption is 0.5msec.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 1994

Inhibition of the nociceptive Tail Flick Reflex (TFR) was observed with electrical stimulation of the locus coeruleus/subcoeruleus (LC/SC) in the male Sprague - Dawley rats under light anesthesia, and the involved neurotransmitter (s) were characterized. Electrical stimulation of LC/SC induced the analgesia with the stimulation threshold (intensity of the current, given for 100 usec and in 100 Hz frequency, which caused the TF latency longer than 6.5 sec) around 55 uA. Intrathecal administrations of ${\alpha}_2$ antagonist, yohimbine (30 ug) or opioid antagonist, naloxone (20 ug) increased the stimulation threshold by 147% and 123% respectively (from 55 uA to 135 uA,9 and from 54 uA to 123 uA;P0.01, n=5, each). The basal TF latency without stimulation (3.1 sec) was reduced by the antagonists (to 2.5 sec by yohimbine, p<0.05, n=5; to 2.6 sec by naloxone, p<0.1, n=5), vehicle only did not show any effect. Noradrenaline(NA) in the spinal cord superfusates measured with HPLC was increased by the LC/SC stimulation, from 4.18 ng/ml before to 7.74 ng/ml after stimulation (P<0.05, n=10). The result suggest that analgesia induced by LC/SC stimulation is mediated, at least in part, by the noradrenergic system in which ${\alpha}_2$ receptor is involved, as well as the opioid system.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.49 no.12
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• pp.249-255
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• 2012

A cochlear implant system uses charge-balanced biphasic pulses that are known to reduce tissue damage than monophasic pulses. In this study, we investigated effect of pulse pattern on neural responses using a computer model, based on the Hodgkin-Huxley equation. Electric pulse phase, pulse duration, and phase gap have been systematically varied to characterize auditory nerve responses. The results show that neural responses, dynamic range and threshold are represented as a function of stimulus patterns and duration. The results could greatly extend to develop more efficient cochlear implant stimulation.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2012

The goal of this study was to identify neurotransmitters in endings (p-endings) presynaptic to low-threshold mechanoreceptive vibrissa afferents in the laminae III/IV of cat trigeminal caudal nucleus (Vc). Rapidly-adapting vibrissa afferents were intra-axonally labeled after electrophysiological identification, and postembedding immunogold staining with antisera against ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine was performed, followed by quantitative ultrastructural analysis of p-endings presynaptic to the labeled vibrissa afferent terminals. Sixteen p-endings, which are presynaptic to the HRP-labeled vibrissa afferent terminals, were analyzed in this study: Eight p-endings (50%, 8/16) were immunopositive to GABA but immunonegative to glycine (GABA+ p-ending), and remaining 8 p-endings (50%, 8/16) exhibited immunoreactivity to both GABA and glycine. Bouton volume of the p-endings was not significantly different between the two groups. However, the p-endings differed from each other in relative content of GABA and glycine. These findings suggest that low-threshold mechanoreceptive information conveyed through vibrissa afferent at Vc is presynaptically modulated by GABA and/or glycine, and that degree of presynaptic modulation may differ among each vibrissa afferent terminal.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.59-70
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• 2004

The purpose of this study were to determine the changes between pre, during, intermed, post of each two groups of 16 persons and to compare the effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS) at shenmen of auricular point on experimental pressure pain and tactile threshold measured at both ulnar styloid process and medial malleoli. Sixteen healthy adult men and women, aged 20 to 28 years, were assigned randomly to eight of one groups. Control group received TENS to exception of auricular point. Experimental group received TENS to shenmen of auricular point. Experimental pressure pain and tactile pain threshold at the both ulnar styloid process and medial malleoli was determined with algometer and von frey filament before 10 minute, during 10 minute, intermediate and post 30 min of treatment. In pressure pain and tactile threshold showed a statistically significant increase(p<0.05) ipsilateral and contralateral of treatment group. These results suggest that TENS at shenmen of auricular point has the capability to higher pressure pain and tactile threshold in whole body.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• spring
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• pp.367-372
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• 2004

디지탈 보청기의 DSP 칩 파라미터들은 보청기 사용자에게 가장 최적의 파라미터들로 구성되어져야 한다. Gennum GB3211과 같은 디지탈 보청기용 DSP 칩은 전용 전자 칩으로써 약 90 여개의 제한된 파라미터들을 조합하여 약 47억여개 이상의 거의 무한한 정도의 다양한 경우 수를 대응하도록 제작되었다. 보청기 사용자의 전기-음향 효과를 극대화하기 위해 가장 최적화된 파라미터 피팅 프로그램을 개발하였다. 컴퓨터 입력이 가능한 오디오그램 청력 역치로부터 여러 다른 Formula를 사용할 뿐 만 아니라, 마이크로폰과 리시버의 보정 효과를 모두 포함하는 최적 보청기 피팅 프로그램을 개발하였으며 몇 가지 사례를 적용해 보였다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1993.04a
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• pp.154-154
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• 1993

1. 목적: 수종의 방법에 의하여 유발된 서로 다른 종류의 경련의 발현시간 또는 지속시간 등의 변화론 대조군과 비교하여 새롭게 개발된 항경련 약물의 효능을 검토한다. 2. 방법 1) a-MT또는 6-OHDA론 말초 및 중추로 처리하고 일정시간 후 간대성경련 발현시 간과 지속시간을 측정한다. 2) 뇌중 cathecholamine함량을 alumina 흡착법에 의하여 THI법으로 정량한다. 3. 결과 및 고찰 1) 전기자극에 의한 경련 i) a-MT 및 6-OHDA 처리 후 강직성 신전경련의 지속시간은 현저하게 길어지나 간대성 경련 지속 시간은 오히려 단축된다. ii)뇌중 cathecholamine함량이 현저히 감소된다. 2) pentetrazole경련 i) 약물처리 후 강직성신전경련의 발현 역치가 현저하게 저하된다. ii)뇌중 catecholamine 함량도 비례되어 현저하게 감소한다. 4. 결론 약물 또는 뇌중 특정물질에 의해 경련유발 및 지속이 변화됨을 지표로 하여 새로운 항경련제의 효능 검색 및 작용기전을 감색하는 좋은 자표가 될 것으로 사료된다.