• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.38-49
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• 1986

In order to improve effectiveness of rhizobia-legume symbiotic nitrogen fixation, ecological and physiological characteristics of indigenous rhizobia distributed in Korea soil, that is, the effects of soybean cultivation, physico-chemical properties and climate on the population of indigenous rhizobia and other soil microbes were investigated. The results were summarized as follows: The population of indigenous rhizobia were ranged from $5.1{\times}10^4$ cells to $196.8{\times}10^4$ cells per gram of soil in soybean cultivated soils but from $1.6{\times}10^4$ cells to $78.6{\times}10^4$ cells per gram of soil in soybean un-cultivated soils sampled from 9 different agro-climate zone. The highest population was observed in a soybean cultivated loamy soil from southern part of Korea. The content of available phosphate, exchangeable Ca, Mg, Cu, and B in soil were positively correlated but active Fe, exchangeable Al, Na, and $SO_4$ were inversely correlated to the population of indigenous rhizobia. The inverse relationship was observed between the number of indigenous rhizobia and actinomycetes.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.143-157
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• 2021

International organizations such as the World Health Organization, the Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation, and major developed countries recognize the seriousness of air pollution. International organizations such as the International Maritime Organization have also implemented various regulations to reduce air pollution from ships. In line with this international trend, the government has also enacted a special law on improving air quality in port areas, and is making efforts to reduce air pollution caused by ports. The purpose of the Special Act is to implement comprehensive policies to improve air quality in port areas. This study sought to identify the emissions of each source of air pollutants originating from the port and prepare basic data on setting the policy priorities. To this end, the analysis was conducted in six categories: ships, vehicles, loading and unloading equipment, railways, unloading/wild ash dust, road ash dust, and the methodology presented by the European Environment Agency(EEA) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). The pollutants subject to analysis were analyzed for carbon monoxide(CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulfur oxides(SOX), total airborne materials(TSP), particulate matter(PM10, PM2.5), and ammonia(NH3). The analysis showed a total of 7,122 tons of emissions. By substance, NOX accounted for the largest portion of 5,084 tons, followed by CO (984 tons), SOX (530 tons), and TSP (335 tons). By source of emissions, ships accounted for the largest portion with 4,107 tons, followed by vehicles with 2,622 tons, showing high emissions. This proved to be the main cause of port air pollution, with 57.6% and 36.8% of total emissions, respectively, suggesting the need for countermeasures against these sources.

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.31-60
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• 2011

Medvedev administration has adopted new foreign policy line because of Obama administration's 'Reset' policy and Global economic crisis. The objectives of Medvedev's new foreign policy are the creation of a favorable external environment and the efficient use of external resources for Russia's economic modernization. To achieve these goals, Medvedev's government fleshed out such specific action plans as the avoidance of conflicts with other powers, the prevention of conflicts around Russia's borders, the activation of capital investment, and the introduction of advanced technology from the outside. This foreign policy line takes shape in the building of a foundation for strategic cooperation with the United States, the preparation for 'Modernization Alliance' with Europe, the management of cooperation and conflict with China and Japan, and the introduction of a dual strategy of strategic stability and economic integration in relations with post-soviet states. In Russia's new foreign policy line the strengthening of relations with the United States and Europe acquires highest priority. However, this does not mean a return to a 'pro-Western liberal line' in the early 1990s. The ultimate goal of Russia's 'modernization' program still lies in the rebuilding of a powerful Russia in accordance with the multipolar world order that was Putin administration's foreign policy line. In this context, foreign policy change under Medvedev administration could be defined as a 'program change at international level' that signifies a change in the means to achieve goals without changing them.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 2018

The tropical peatlands have been deforested and converted to agricultural and plantation areas in Indonesia. To manage water levels and increase the overall productivity of crops, canals have been constructed in tropical peatlands. The canals destructed the structure of the tropical peatlands, and increased the subsidence and fire hazard risks in the region. The Indonesian government enacted regulations and a moratorium on tropical peatlands, in order to reduce degradation. A practical method under the regulations of rewetting tropical peatlands was to permit a canal blocking. In this study, four canal blocking projects were investigated regarding their planning, construction priority, design, building material, construction, monitoring, time and costs associated with the canal blockings. In the protected areas, regulations restricted the development of the tropical peatlands areas that were noted as deeper than 3 m, and the administration stopped issuing new concessions for future work projects for this noted criteria of land use. A noted purpose of canal blockings in these areas was to effectuate the restoration of the lands in the region. The main considerations of the restoration efforts were to maintain a durability of the blockings, and to encourage the participation of the area stakeholders. In the case of a concession area, regulations were set into place to restrict clear-cutting and shifting cultivation, and to maintain groundwater level in the tropical peatland. The most significant priorities identified in the canal blocking project were the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the project. Nevertheless, the drainage of tropical peatlands has been continued. On the basis of a literature review on regulations and rewetting methods in tropical peatlands of Indonesia, we discussed the improvements of the regulations, and adequate canal blockings to serve the function to rewet the tropical peatlands in Indonesia. Our results would help establishing an adequate direction and recommended guideline on viable rewetting methods for the restoration of drained tropical peatlands in Southeast Asia.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.49-57
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• 1983

This study dealts with the penetration of methyl methacrylate(MMA) monomer-solvent system into five Korean major tree species, especially the Pinus koraiensis S. et Z., Pinus densiflora S. et Z., Larix leptoiepis Gordon, Quercus serrata Thunb. and Betula platyphylla var japonica Hara. In this report I described the results of the interaction between wood and polymer loading by catalyst-heat polymerization. On the other hand the influence of penetration of polymer loading on dimensional stabilization on WPC of Pinus koraiensis by catalyst-heat polymerization was also investigated.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.339-350
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• 2007

Status on the spent nuclear fuel management policy and R&D plan of the major countries is surveyed. Also the prospect of the future R&D plan is suggested. Recently so-called fuel cycle nations, which have the reprocess policy of the spent fuel, announced new spent fuel management policy based on the advanced fuel cycle technology. The policy is focused to transmute highly radioactive material and material having a very long half-life, and to recycle the Pu and U contained in the spent fuel. In this way the radio-foxily of the spent fuel as well as the amount of the high level waste to be eventually disposed can greatly be reduced. Most of countries selected the wet process as a primary option for the treatment of the spent fuel since the advanced wet process, which is based on the existing PUREX process, looks more feasible as compared with the dry process. The wet process, however, is much more sensitive in terms of proliferation-resistance compared with the dry process. The pure Pu can easily be obtained by simply modifying the process. On the other hand the pure Pu can not be extracted in the dry process based on the high temperature molten salt process such as a pyroprocess. Even though the pyroprocess technology is very premature, it has a great merit. Thus it is necessary for Korea to have a long term strategy for pursuing a spent fuel treatment technology with a proliferation resistance and a great merit for the GEN-IV fuel cycles. Pyroprocess is one of the best candidates to satisfy these purposes.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.109-119
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was a part of a drive to develop a community health center-based hospice management model which is concerned with hospice care at a community health care setting and available resources of the local community. Methods: Development of a community health center-based hospice management model involved evaluation of existing hospice-related research, including literature review, and research on hospice facilities at the study site, as well as evaluation of model operation. The latter involved community health center-based hospice test operation, and evaluation of test operation by a research team, including of a nursing professor majoring in hospice care and staffs from a community health center in Busan metropolitan city, regional cancer center, and regional terminal cancer patient medical institute. The study was conducted in the 2008 calendar year. Results: The community health center-based hospice management model provides service linked with local community resources, focusing on the local community health center. Financial and administrative assistance is provided by the regional cancer center, with collaboration from academic health care professionals who guide the operation management. The community health center hospice nurse in consultation with a visiting nurse team registers terminally-ill cancer patients and, after assessment, the hospice team prioritize hospice care during team meeting. Care is delivered by staffs and volunteers. Conclusion: The developed community health center-based hospice operation management model maximally utilizes available community health resources to produce qualitative improvement of regional health and welfare policy through improving the lives of home-based cancer patients and their family who are in medical blind spot.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.49-59
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• 2003

Objectives: This study was intended to provide basic data available for the establishment of comprehensive and systematic public medical service for older persons about their concurrent pathology and time span for their bedridden state, and thereby, the medical service, and individual cares they have received. Methods: The study subjects included 207 elderly residents of men and women aged over 65, who were in the bedridden state at home at the time of investigation in September of 2002 at 11 'Myon' in Kongju city, Chungchongnamdo Province. They were asked to respond to the questionnaires by using interviews at their homes. Results: Of the elderly population studied, the overall rate of bedridden states was 1.61%(1.46% in men and 1.71% in women) and there was an increasing tendency with age in both sexes. The causes for bedridden states indicated that hypertension and atherosclerosis accounted for 43.6 % of them in men, and lumbago neuralgia spinal disease 40.3% in women as the most frequent cause, respectively. The mean years of bedridden states were greater in men(4.81${\pm}$2.89) than women(4.98${\pm}$2.89). By age groups, both sexes showed an increasing tendency of time span with age. The items of care required for the bedridden showed that bathing was the most frequent and it was followed by toileting, dressing and feeding in a decreasing order of frequency. The number of care per one patient was 3.4 in men and 3.5 in women with the increased tendency with decreasing age Ain both sexes. Conclusions: Though the proportion of bed-ridden patients increased according to the increasing age, there are substantial limitations in reducing the prevalence of chronic diseases. Therefore, it is required to establish the appropriate measures, such as various resources of health care services for dealing with the steadily increasing rate of bed-ridden patients.

• (The) Korean Journal of Educational Psychology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.645-663
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to develop and verify a Korean Diagnostic Scale of Multiple Intelligence(MI), which will be an alternative test to avoid problems with former Shearer's MI test and to adopt H. Gardner's suggestions to develop MI assessment. The test is developed 5 types; kindergartner, elementary lower grader, elementary upper grader, middle schooler, high schooler test. A form of test is diversified with 3 types; multiple-choice items for accomplishment, true or false items for ability, and self-reported items with likert scale for interest and ability. According to H. Gardner's suggestions, we have tried to reanalyze key component of MI, analyze an overlapping or hierarchical relationship between intelligences, develop intelligences-fair items, diversify form of item. We have developed a final standardized test through a primary, secondary preliminary-test analysis, and sampled 5,585 students by age, gender, and regional groups. As a result of this sampling test, we can get a norm score and compare individuals with other's score relatively. To verify this test, we analyzed behavior observation, mean, standard deviation, a percentage of correct answers, reliability of each test type, correlation between intelligence scales, Kruskal-Wallis test of mean rank of career choice by intelligences. As a result of correlation analysis between sub-intelligence scales, we can conclude that this MI test is satisfied with intelligence independent assumption. Besides, as non-parametric statistics test(Kruskal-Wallis) of career choice by intelligences, we can identify that MI is related with domain of career choice. This test is not a linguistic and logical-mathematical biased test but a intelligences-fair test. It makes us compare individual's potential with a norm score. Besides, it could be useful as a means of educational prescription or counsel in comparison with ability, interest, and accomplishment of individual. But this test is limited to do factor or correlation analysis between types of sub-test, because items are minimized for a time-constraint and a heavy burden of test receiver. But if it could be tested with increased items by two sessions, further research could be expected to get over this constraints and do a further validation analysis.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.144-150
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• 2006

Chemical characteristics and their interrelationships of 156 soils included by 74 sandy loam and 82 loam soils collected from plastic film house in Chungbuk area were investigated from 1998 to 2001. Seventeen chemical properties including pH, organic matter (OM), electrical conductivity (EC), inorganic nitrogen, available phosphorus, exchangeable cations, CEC, etc., were analyzed by correlation, standardized partial regression coefficient, and principal factor analysis. Standardized partial regression coefficients of chemical properties were estimated to determine the degree of contribution of EC and OM contents in soils. Principal factor analysis was applied to classify the studied chemical properties into different groups having similar chemical properties. The pH of experimental soils ranged from 4.24 to 7.14 and 4.95 to 7.35 for loam and sandy loam soils, respectively. The EC of soils varied from 0.93 to $15.65dS\;m^{-1}$ for loam and $0.91{\sim}22.30dS\;m^{-1}$ for sandy loam soils, respectively with significant differences among them. The EC measured by 1:5 $H_2O$ dilution method and saturation method were significantly related with 8.163 and 8.599 as the slopes of regression equation for loam and sandy loam soils, respectively. These slopes more than 8.0 in this regression equation was higher than the slope of 5.0 that is estimated from dilution coefficient suggesting that EC measured by 1:5 dilution method might be erratic. The standardized partial regression coefficient of different chemical properties for the estimation of EC was in the order of $NO_3{^-}$ > $Cl^-$ > OM > exchangeable Mg for loam soils and $NO_3{^-}$ > exchangeable Mg > $Cl^-$ for sandy loam soils. Contribution order of the chemical properties based on standardized partial regression coefficient differed 1:5 dilution method and saturation method, indicating that different chemical compounds might be present in the extract solutions of these two methods. Consequently the measurement of EC by saturation method was thought be still better for estimation of chemical property because accuracy of EC measurement by 1:5 dilution method can't be improved by any specific coefficient for adjustment of EC. Regardless of differences in soil textures and extraction methods, correlation coefficients between EC and the other chemical properties were routinely in the order of $NO_3{^-}$ > $Cl^-$ > degree of base saturation > exchangeable Mg > exchangeable Ca > $SO{_4}^{2-}$. The principal factor analysis revealed four factor groups of the chemical properties studied. The groups for sandy loam were as follows; ; 1. salt components, 2. soil reaction components, 3. fixed and adsorption components, 4. CEC components. The groupings of loam soils were similar to sandy loam except that exchangeable Na substituted the CEC of sandy loam.