• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.140-145
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• 2017

Pinus koraiensis cone (PKC) extract was prepared by mixing PKC with sugar at a weight ratio of 1:1 and then removing PKC after incubating the mixture at room temperature for 100 days. The resulting PKC extract was examined for its physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities using Prunus mume fruit extract, which is similar to PKC extract in terms of preparation procedure and product usage, as a control. PKC extract consisted mainly of moisture (21.76%) and sugar (70.03%), leading to high viscosity. PKC extract was apparently yellowish, and therefore its browning index and color intensity were appreciably lower than the control (P=0.0000), indicating that Maillard reaction was not facilitated during fermentation. Compared with the control, PKC extract was not appreciably different in terms of total flavonoid content, whereas its organic acid content and total reducing capacity were significantly lower. Nevertheless, its metal-chelating activity and DPPH radical scavenging activity were comparable to those of the control. In addition, SOD-like activity of PKC extract was 2-fold higher than that of 6.6 mM quercetin, which had a higher total flavonoid content than PKC extract. This indicates that PKC extract contains certain flavonoids with higher antioxidant activities than quercetin. The results show that PKC extract provides antioxidant activity as well as characteristically different sensory properties due to its higher sugar and lower organic acid contents compared with Prunus mume fruit extract.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.235-248
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to quantitatively analyze and investigate changes in the structural characteristics of the warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forest community in Mt. Cheomchalsan on Jindo Island. The Mt. Cheomchalsan has high conservation value because the representative warm temperate species such as Quercus acuta and Castanopsis sieboldii are distributed there. The community classification with TWINSPAN and DCA identified 4 communities: C. sieboldii community (I), C. sieboldii-Q. Salicina community (II), Q. acuta-C.sieboldii community (III), and deciduous broad-leaved trees-evergreen broad-leaved trees community (IV). According to the results of the mean importance percentage (MIP) analysis, C. sieboldii, Q. salicina, and Q. acuta were dominant species in the canopy layer, Camellia japonica, Ligustrum japonicum, and Cinnamomum yabunikkei were dominant in the understory layer, and Trachelospermum asiaticum, C. japonica, and C. sieboldii were dominant in the shrub layer. The comparison of the results of the diameter of breast height (DBH) analysis with the past data showed that the ratio of large-sized trees in the C. sieboldii and Q. acuta, which dominated the canopy layer, increased. However, there was no difference in the distribution of C. japonica and L. japonicum in the understory layer. In the future, it is necessary to generate a precision inhabiting vegetation map around the Natural Reserve to understand the actual habitation of evergreen broad-leaved trees and rezone the protective districts of evergreen broad-leaved trees forest with the watershed concept to preserve the evergreen broad-leaved forests of Mt. Cheomchalsan in Jindo.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.255-269
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• 2018

Armillaria is a white-rot fungus that decomposes organics; it is also a root pathogen that kills trees. Recently, since the forest tending practice, the incidence of Armillaria infections on tree stumps has been increasing. Herein, we have examined the morphological features of Armillaria solidipes and A. gallica collected from 10 areas in Korea, and investigated the activities of the decomposing enzymes cellulase and laccase of these two Armillaria species. A. solidipes was found in eight host tree species including Pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata, and Castanea crenata at the altitude of 107~1,396 m, while A. gallica was found in three host species including P. densiflora and Fraxinus rhynchophylla at the altitude of 119~556 m. The fruiting bodies of A. solidipes are close with lamellae, and have brown to black hairs on the stipe, while those of A. gallica are distant with lamellae and clavate-shaped, and have yellow hairs on the base. The activites of cellulase of the two species were not different, but the activity of A. solidipes laccase was higher ($12.94{\pm}0.4U/mL$) than that of A. gallica laccase ($9.14{\pm}0.3U/mL$).

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.439-446
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• 2014

This study describes a preliminary evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of Castanopsis cuspidata extracts. C. cuspidata was extracted using 80% ethanol and then fractionated sequentially with n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, and butanol. To screen for anti-inflammatory agents effectively, we first examined the inhibitory effect of the C. cuspidata extracts on the production of pro-inflammatory factors and cytokines stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. In addition, we examined the inhibitory effect of C. cuspidata extracts on pro-inflammatory mediators (NO, iNOS, COX-2) in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. The amounts of protein levels were determined by immunoblotting. Of the sequential solvent fractions of C. cuspidata, the n-hexane, dichloromethane and ethylacetate fractions inhibited the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6), production of NO, and the protein level of iNOS and COX-2. These results suggest that C. cuspidata may have significant effects on inflammatory factors and may be provided as a possible anti-inflammatory therapeutic plant.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.228-242
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• 2016

This research was conducted for understanding the evergreen forest community structure of the Bijin Island. The island was worth of vegetational value because of the representative warm temperate species such as Castanopsis cuspidata was distribute there. According to the results of community classification by TWINSPAN and DCA, the Bijin Island evergreen forest were classified by 9 communities, such as C. cuspidata, C. cuspidata-Pinus thunbergii, Neolitsea sericea-Camellia japonica, Platycarya strobilacea, Quercus serrata-Decidus broad-leaved, Alnus firma, P. thunbergii. Due to the C. cuspidata, N. sericea, Ca. japonica etc. were still dominated at canopy and under-canopy layer, so the evergreen forest will be sustain current conditions for a while if there is no artificial disturbances that were caused by human. Pl. strobilacea community will be expected to replace N. sericea and also Q. serrata-Decidus broad-leaved community will be changing caused by mutual competition. Normally, in the way of the succession process of the warm temperate forest, P. thunbergii will be expect via deciduous broad-leaved to evergreen forest such as Machilus thunbergii, C. cuspidata var. sieboldii, and N. sericea. In case of species diversity index, P. thunbergii comm.(1.2739), Q. serrata-Decidus broad-leaved comm.(1.2325), Decidus broad-leaved comm.(1.1807), and A. firma comm.(1.0854) are relatively high, while C. cuspidata and N. sericea-Ca. japonica that was dominated by evergreen species at canopy layer and P. thunbergii that was damaged by fire are relatively low(0.7380~0.8416). Soil pH was 4.72~6.33, electric conductance was 0.035~0.128dS/m, and content of organic matter was 3.4~17.4%.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.140-146
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• 2000

The physicochemical properties, such as retrogradation, fat acidity and viscosity, on the pine nut's gruel at various contents of pine nut (0, 1, 3 and 5%) during storage at 4, 25 and $40^{\circ}C$ were investigated. The degree of retrogradation was increased rapidly at the initial storage stage. The lowest value (about 10%) of the degree of retrogradation was observed in the gruel sample containing 3% of pine nut. Also, the rate constant of retrogradation was showed the lowest value (0.0422) in the gruel containing 3% of pine nut regardless of storage temperatures. The fat acidity was showed the lower value than 30 mg KOH in all samples. The viscosity increasing velocity(RVU/min) between holding strength and final viscosity was decreased as the pine nut's content was increased. However, it was not affected by the storage temperatures.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.868-872
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• 1988

The oxidation behaviour of Pinenut(Pinus Koraiensis S & Z) oil during storage were studied. And the oxidative stability of different oil samples by refining stage were also measured. The oil in whole pinenut or mashed pinenut was very stable during the storage at $35^{\circ}C$ for 10 weeks however, the oxidation rate was enhanced when pinenut oil was extracted and isolated from nut cake. On the other hand, crude oil was most stable and the highly purified pinenut oil was least stable, with other samples being intermediate in stability. The changes of fatty acid composition of various pinenut oil samples during storage were also discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.125-129
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• 2010

This study was carried out to elucidate suitable spawn culture for an artificial cultivation of Neolentinus lepideus. The optimum culture conditions of the liquid spawn were deffated soy flour for main material, 12 days for culture period and 0.9 vvm for aeration volume, respectively. Sawdust spawn was appropriate for douglas fir sawdust and deffated corn flour (95 : 5, v/v) for mycelia growth and fruiting body formation. In case of liquid spawn, cultivation period was two shorter than sawdust spawn and mushroom yield was 111.9 g per 850ml cultivation bottle. In conclusion, the suitable spawn for fruiting body production was found to be liquid spawn than sawdust spawn with considering cultivation period and mushroom productivity.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.174-179
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• 2015

For development a new anti-diabetic compound from edible mushroom, antihyperglycemic ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activities of Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus cornucopiae, Pleurotus salmoneostramineus, Pleurotus eryngii and Neolentinus lepideus were investigated on its water and ethanol extracts. ${\alpha}$-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of Neolentinus lepideus fruiting body showed the highest at 86.3% in the 95% ethanol extracts and water extract from Pleurotus cornucopiae was also higher at 48.5% among water extracts. Therefore, Neolentinus lepideus which showed very high ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity was selected as a new anti-diabetic agent-containing mushroom and the ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitor was maximally extracted when treated with 95% ethanol at $30^{\circ}C$ for 48 hr. The ethanol extracts from Neolentinus lepideus fruiting body showed dosage-dependent hypoglycemic action after administration to 120 min in the SD-rat and streptozotocin-induced diabetic SD-rat.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.12
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• pp.1701-1707
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• 2016

The present study investigated the anti-obesity effect of pine cone (PC, Pinus koraiensis) supercritical extract in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were treated with HFD, HFD+catechin, and HFD+PC [two different doses, 20 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) and 100 mg/kg b.w.] in each AIN93G supplement for 8 weeks. Treatment of HFD mice with both low and high doses of PC significantly reduced body weight gain compared to HFD mice. Liver weight of mice was reduced in both the low and high dose PC-supplemented groups (24.19% and 19.83%, respectively). Total adipose tissue weight of mice was reduced in both the low and high dose PC-supplemented groups (45.54% and 62.66%, respectively). Serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol were reduced in the low and high dose PC-supplemented groups, and ratios of HDL cholesterol to LDL cholesterol increased by 94.55% in the high dose PC-supplemented group. Serum leptin was significantly reduced in the low and high dose PC-supplemented groups (28.14% and 62.72%, respectively). These results were supported by genetic expression of protein and enzymes related to lipid metabolism assessed by real-time PCR. There was significant reduction of lipid regulatory transcription factors such as $PPAR-{\gamma}$, C/EBP, and SREBP and lipid enzymes such as fatty acid synthesis and lipoprotein lipase in the low and high dose PC-supplemented groups. However, there was no statistical difference between low and high dose PC treatments. These results suggest that pine cone supercritical extract supplementation is able to regulate serum lipid profiles by reducing total cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL cholesterol levels, followed by regulation of expression of lipid metabolic factors, resulting in reduction of weight gain in HFD-induced obese mice.