• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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• v.53 no.9
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• pp.500-506
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• 2004

This paper proposes a modified current differential relay for transformer protection unaffected by the remanent flux. The relay uses the same restraining current as a conventional relay, but the differential current is modified to compensate for the effects of the exciting current. To cope with the remanent flux, before saturation, the relay calculates the core-loss current and uses it to modify the measured differential current. When the core then enters saturation, the initial value of the flux is obtained by inserting the modified differential current at the start of saturation into the magnetization cure. Thereafter, the actual core flux is then derived and used in conjunction with the magnetization curve to calculate the magnetizing current. A modified differential current is then derived that compensates for the core-loss and magnetizing currents. The performance of the proposed differential relay was compared against a conventional differential relay. Results indicate that the modified relay remained stable during severe magnetic inrush and over-excitation because the exciting current was successfully compensated. This paper concludes by implementing the relay on a hardware platform based on a digital signal processor. The relay discriminates magnetic inrush and over-excitation from an internal fault and is not affected by the level of remanent flux.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.66-80
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• 1997

This paper describes a newly developed arc-sensing algorithm of seam-tracking for FCA W (flux-cored arc welding) horizontal fillet welding. In this algorithm, arc current and the Weighted-Are-Current (WAC) are used to adjust the position of a weld torch in directions of bead throat and weaving, respectively. The WAC, which is newly devised in this study, means that arc current in the vicinity of weaving end is more emphasized than that in the center of weaving. The reason of this is because there usually exists much noise in the center of weaving due to abrupt change of arc length in case some empty gaps exist in a fillet joint Variance analysis was performed in order to check the effect of weld parameters on arc current and the WAC. As a result, the relationships between tip-to-workpiece distance and arc current, and between weaving offset and the WAC were established.To check "the validity of the algorithm, seam-tracking experiments were performed ;mder various welding condition. The result of experiments showed a satisfactory tracking performance in the presence of empty gaps in a horizontal fillet joint.et joint.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 1999.07a
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• pp.34-34
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• 1999

토카막(Tokamak)에서는 플라즈마(plasma)로 불순불(impurity)의 유입을 방지하기 위해 고진공을 유지해야 하며 이를 위해 가열탈리(backing), 방전세정(discharge codanning) 등 wall conditioning이 기본적으로 요구된다. KT-1 토카막은 실험실 이전에 따른 해체로 인해 진공용기(vacuum vessel) 가 대기압 하에 수개월 동안 노출되어 있었기 때문에 재조립 후 가열 탈 리가 필수적이나 진공용기의 외부에 saddle loop coil을 비롯해 Rogowski, diamagnetic coil, poloidal field coil 등 많은 magnetic pick up coil 들이 설치되어 있어 열선 등 일반적인 방법으로 가열 탈 리가 어려운 상황이다. 따라서 KT-1 토카막에서는 전자석 코일에 상전원을 부가하였을 때 진공용기에 발생하는 유도가열 (inductive heatin)을 이용해 가열 탈리를 시도하였다. 유도 가열 탈리(inductive backing)는 토로이달 자장 코일(toroidal field coil)과 가열 저장 모일(ohmic heating coil)을 각각 이용하여 코일의 온도가 6$0^{\circ}C$ 이하가 유지되는 코일 전류 범위내에서 수행하였으며 먼저 이 둥 경우에 있어서 진공용기의 온도분포를 비교하엿다. 그리고 가열 탈리 기간 및 그 전, 후의 진공압력과 잔류기체 분압을 측정, 분석하였다. 유도가열에 의한 방법으로 KT-1 토카막에서 얻은 탈리온도는 12$0^{\circ}C$정도로 비교적 낮았으나 탈리 시간을 연장하여 탈리효과를 어느 정도 보상할 수 있으며 일반적인 가열 탈리가 여려운 경우 유도 가열 탈 리가 채택될 수 있는 또 하나의 방법이라 볼 수 있다.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.29 no.7 s.238
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• pp.930-937
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• 2005

One of the useful technology for light-weightening of components required in the automobile and machine industry is to use of high strength materials. To improve material properties, carbonizing treatment, nitrifying treatment, and shot-peening method are representatively applied, However, the shot-peening method is generally used to remove the surface defect of steel and to improve the fatigue strength on surface. Benefits by shot peening are to make increase resistance against fatigue, stress corrosion cracking, fretting, galling, erosion and closing of pores. In this paper, investigated the effect of shot peening on the corrosion of SUP-9 steel immersed in $3.5\%$ NaCl solution and corrosion characteristics by the heat treatment during shot peening process. The immersion test was performed on the four kinds of specimens. Corrosion potential, polarization curve, residual stress and etc. were investigated from the experimental results.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.35.2-35.2
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• 2010

최근 $Cu(In,Ga)Se_2$(CIGS)와 같은 박막 태양전지에 대한 연구가 많은 관심을 끌고 있다. CIGS 태양전지의 광투과층으로 사용되고 있는 II-VI족 화합물 반도체인 CdS는 상온에서의 에너지 밴드 갭(band gap)이 2.42eV 정도로서, 가시광영역의 많은 빛을 투과시키고, 적절한 제작 조건하에서 비교적 낮은 비저항을 나타내기 때문에 널리 사용되고 있다. 하지만 CIGS 태양전지 연구는 주로 CIGS 흡수층 제조공정에 편중되어 있으며, CdS 버퍼층 공정조건에 대한 체계적인 연구가 부족하다고 판단된다. 습식공정인 Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD)에 의해 주로 제조되는 CdS는 단순한 제조공정에도 불구하고 CIGS 태양전지의 성능에 지대한 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다. 특히, CdS합성반응이 개시되기 전까지의 용액잔류시간 (dip time)은 CIGS내로의 Cd이온 농도를 결정하는 중요한 공정변수로 판단된다. CIGS 표면에 Cd이 도핑될 경우, CIGS는 n형 전도성을 갖는 얇은 층을 갖게 되어 전체적으로 n-CIGS/p-CIGS의 동종 접합을 형성하는 장점을 부여할 것으로 기대된다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 dip time을 주요변수로 하여 CIGS 태양전지의 성능에 미치는 영향을 주로 고찰하였다. Cd의 확산 정도는 secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS)를 이용하여 정량화하였으며, 제조된 CIGS 태양전지의 전류-전압 특성과 상관성을 제시하고자 한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.286-286
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• 2011

현재의 NEDO (New Energy and industrial technology Development Organization) style Si 정련은 두 단계로 구분되어 있다. 고출력 집속 전자빔을 이용한 금속 실리콘의 1차 용융과 대기압 근처의 플라즈마 아크 용해를 이용해서 B, P를 약간의 반응성 가스를 첨가 하여 제거하는 방법이다. 그러나 저가형 실리콘을 생산하려는 취지와 달리 두 가지의 고가 장비가 필요하다. E-beam melting 장치에서도 반응성이 높은 라디칼을 생성할 수 있다면 하나의 장비에서 두 가지의 정련 작업을 진행시킬 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 고진공에서(< 10-4 Torr) 동작하는 E-beam의 성능에 전혀 영향을 주지 않으면서 플라즈마를 용이하게 생성 시킬 수 있는 방법을 개발하고 이를 적용하여 실제 금속 순도 실리콘 내에 존재하는 B, P가 제거되는지 확인하는 것을 연구 내용으로 한다. 본 연구는 MG (Metal Grade) - Si 을 플라즈마 보조 전자빔 정련을 이용하여 정련한 Si 의 불순물 함량의 개선 효과를 조사하는 것이다. MG-Si 의 정련 방법 중에서 고출력 집속 전자빔을 이용하여 휘발성 오염물질을 제거 후, 플라즈마 아크 용해를 이용해서 B 를 제거하는 방법을 접목시켰다. MG-Si 에 DC power 와 전자빔을 집속시켜서 정련을 하면 챔버 내의 잔류 수증기가 플라즈마에 의해 분해되어 O를 생성하고, B와 반응을 하여 BO 형태로 제거가 된다. 방전 전압 700 V 와 전자빔 가속 전압이 4.5 kV, 방출 전류는 11 A, 진공 챔버 내의 압력은 $7.2{\times}10^{-4}$ Torr에서 정련을 진행하여 B를 제거했다.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.262-265
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• 2003

During magnetic inrush or over-excitation saturation of the core in a transformer draws a large exciting current. This can cause mal-operation of a differential relay. This paper proposes a modified current differential relay for transformer protection. In order to cope with the remanent flux at the beginning. the start of saturation of the core is detected and the core flux at the instant is estimated by inserting the differential current into a magnetization curve. Then, this core flux value can be used to calculate the core flux. The proposed relay calculates the core-loss current from the induced voltage and the core-loss resistance; the relay calculates the magnetizing current from the core flux and the magnetization curve. Finally, the relay obtains the modified differential current by subtracting the core-loss current and the magnetizing current from the conventional differential current. The proposed technique not only discriminates magnetic inrush and over-excitation from an internal fault, but also improves the speed of the conventional relay.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.547-554
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• 2013

Chlorine has strong oxidizing power, also it is many advantages over other disinfectants such as the residual characteristic and economic feasibility. However, chlorine also has disadvantages such as creating disinfection by-products of chlorine as THMs. In particular, the most deadly disadvantage of chlorine is that it is extremely poisonous toxins about all alive lives. Disinfection with electrolysis water can be a very useful way Because you do not have to worry about chlorine's dangerous. In this study, we evaluated the potential as a disinfectant, across the evaluating disinfection effect and generating characteristic of by-products. The electrolyzed water could be obtained removal efficiencies of over 99.9 % the coliform by operating condition such as residence time, current density (voltage), the electrode gap. The residual chlorine be generated 10,000 mg/L in current density $1.0A/dm^2$ and residence time of 10 minutes. The residual chlorine concentration was possible to maintain a stable. The by-products generated by high concentration residual chlorine in the reactor such as trihalomethanes, haloaceticacid, chloralhydrate, haloacetonitrile were detected in less than a water quality standards. At the concentration of less than residual chlorine of 1 ppm, the chlorine disinfection by-products be generated most below the detection limit.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.286-293
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• 2002

Microstructure and the electrical porperties of a ZnO-based multilayered chip-type varistor(abbreviated as MLV) with Ag/Pd(7:3) inner electrode have been studied as a function of firing of temperature. At 1100$^{\circ}$C, inner electrode layers began to show nonuniform thickness and small voids, which resulted in significant disappearance of the electrode pattern and delamination at 1100$^{\circ}$C. MLVs fired at 950$^{\circ}$C showed large degradation in leakage current, probably due to incomplete redistribution of liquid and transition metal elements in pyrochlore phase decomposition. Those fired at 1100$^{\circ}$C and above, on the other hand, revealed poor varistor characteristics and their reproductibility, which are though to stem from the deformation of inner electrode pattern, the reaction between electrode materials and ZnO-based ceramics, and the volatilization of $Bi_2O_3$. Throughout the firing temperature range of 950∼1100$^{\circ}$C, capacitance and leakage current increased while breakdown voltage and peak current decreased with the increase of firing temperature, but nonlinear coefficient and clamping ratio kept almost constant at ∼30 and 1.4, respectively. In particular, those fired between 1000$^{\circ}$C and 1050$^{\circ}$C showed stable varistor characteristics with high reproducibility. It seems that Ag/Pd(7:3) alloy is one of the electrode materials applicable to most ZnO-based MLVs incorporating with $Bi_2O_3$ when cofired up to 1050$^{\circ}$C.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.106-112
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• 1997

This study measured the ignition limits of methane-air, propane-air, ethylene-air, and hydrogen-air mixture gases by discharge spark of D.C. power resistive circuit. The used experimental device is the IEC type spark ignition test apparatus, it consists of explosion chamber and supply -exhaust system of mixture gas. Mixture gases (methane-air, propane-air, ethylene-air, and hydrogen-air) were put into explosion chamber of IEC type spark ignition test apparatus, then it was confirmed whether ignition was made by 3,200 times of discharge spark between tungsten electrode and cadmium electrode. The ignition limits were found by increasing or decreasing the value of current. For the exact experiment, the ignition sensitivity was calibrated before and after the experiment in each condition. The ignition limits were found by changing the value of concentration of each gas-air mixture in D.C. 24 [V] resistive circuit. As the result of experiment, it was found that the minimum ignition limit currents exist at the value of methane-air 8.3 [$Vol\%$], propane-air 5.25[$Vol\%$], ethylene-air 7.8 [$Vol\%$], and hydrogen-air 21[$Vol\%$] mixture gases. For each the minimum ignition concentration of gases, the relationships between voltage and minimum ignition current were found. The results are as follows. - The minimum ignition limits are decreasing in the order of methane, propane, ethylene, and hydrogen. - The value of ignition current is inversely proportional to the value of source voltage. - The minimum ignition limit currents increase sharply at more than 2 [A]. The reason is caused by overheating the electrode.