• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.69-82
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• 1987

The prevalences of the cuke belonging to genus Metagonimus hove been reported along the upper stream of inhabitants by several workers since 1980, however the taxonomical problems of the fluke was not yet settled. The larval flukes; cercaria and metacercaria as well as their intermediate hosts, and adult were studied in order to identify the Mepagonimus in the areas. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The snails, Semisulcospira globus were collected (rom the three different localities along the upper stream of the River. The cercariae were found from 125(7.2%) out of 1,730 snails by natural emerging method, and were identified into 5 species including Metagenimus sp. (3.7%), Pseudexorchis major(1.4%), Cercaria nipponensis (0.9%), Cercaria incerpa(0.6%), and Cercaria yoshidae(0.6%). Cercariae of Metagonimus species had four to dye oral spines on its anterior of the first line. 2. The cercariae of Metagonimus were experimentally exposed to goldfish. nfection rate was 22.9% out of 105 goldfish, and the encysted metacercariae were found in fins(86.7%) and on scales (13.7%) of the fishes, but not in their muscle, head or visceral organs. 3. Seven species of ask were caught in the Daecheong Reservoir and the upper stream. Infestations with metacercaria of Metagonimus were found 100% in Opsariichtys widens and the parasitized numbers of the metacercariae were observed from 250 to 2,400 per fish. In the upper stream, Zacco termmincki, Z. platypus and Pseudogobio esocinus were infected 100% with the metacercaria, on the other hand, the fishes caught in the reservoir showed the lower infestation rates, and a few metacercariae found in the fishes Carassius carassius and Cyprinus carpio in the reservoir and the stream. The majority of metacercariae was detected only on the scales of fishes. 4. In order to know the infectivity and the distribution patterns in the intestine of hosts, rats and dogs were infected with the metacercariae obtained from O. bidens and Z. platypus. In addition the metacercariae obtained from Z. temmincki, P. esocinus and goldfish were given to the rats. The recovery rates of the worms in the small intestine of dogs were higher (63.3~65.8%) than those of the rats (3.5~31.6%). The flukes were found mostly in the middle and the lower part of small intestine of the rats and the dogs, but no worm was collected in the upper part of the intestine of rats. 5. The sixte of adult flukes varied by the hosts. In the adult cukes, oral sucker was smaller than ventral sucker, and the right and left testes were located diagonally, the uterine tubules circled around the upper left testis. The average egg sixte was $29.1{\times}1.7{\mu\textrm{m}}$. According to the above results, the cukes belonging to genus Metagonimus distributed along the Geum River was concluded to be identical with Miyata type of M. yokogawai as that Saito had proposed.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.30 no.3 s.58
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• pp.609-622
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• 1997

Nitrogen dioxide $(NO_2)$ has been regarded as one of the main elements among air pollutants, and we measured $NO_2$ levels of near gas range, kitchen, living room and outdoor on 489 apartments in Pusan area. $NO_2$ were sampled by using Palmes tubes (diffusion tube sampler) during August 16-25, 1995 (summer) and January 15-29, 1996 (winter), respectively. Authors wanted to know comparison of $NO_2$ levels in summer and winter, $NO_2$ levels categorized by variables, and variables affected to $NO_2$ levels. According to this study, we conducted to establish the degree of indoor-outdoor air pollution of urban apartments in Korea and methods to reduce indoor air pollution. The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1) Mean $NO_2$ levels of near gas range, kitchen, living room, and outdoor were $25.9{\pm}10.0ppb,\;23.3{\pm}8.0ppb,\;19.9{\pm}6.1ppb,\;and\;19.0{\pm}6.0ppb$ in summer, and $34.5{\pm}16.8ppb,\;28.2{\pm}13.4ppb,\;25.3{\pm}12.5ppb,\;21.8{\pm}9.8ppb$ in winter, respectively. 2) Mean $NO_2$ levels according to the floor levels were not significantly different in summer, and in winter, $NO_2$ levels were decreased as the floor levels were increasing, but those were increased above 16th floor. 3) Variables showing significant correlation(p<0.05) with $NO_2$ levels were as follows; Summer: floor level, family size, number of family during a meal, number using gas range during rice cooking per day, and natural ventilation. Winter: floor level, family size, number of person who have been respiratory disease in a house, number of family during a meal, total number of meals, and number using gas range during rice or side-dish cooking per day. 4) We suggest that the methods of reducing indoor $NO_2$ levels are ventilation during cooking, complete combustion, decreasing number and time of cooking, and substitution of fuels.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.14-28
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• 2017

Currently, the object of conservation in heritage conservation is defined as "the value of the heritage" and the value-based management plan has been introduced. Most of traditional temples in korea have been sustained over 1000 years, which make them mixed heritages, including cultural, religious and natural heritages. Therefore, traditional temples should be managed by value-based management plans. This article aims to develop the values and assessment indicators of traditional temple areas and to evaluate the importances of the values and indicators, in order to prepare the basic materials for conserving the values of traditional temples. This study used the diverse research methods such as literature review, in-situ survey, in-depth interview, focus group interview, questionnaire survey. The results showed that the identified values and assessment indicators of traditional temple area were defined as three classes: high class value was consisted of intrinsic value and use value, middle class values were 10 (5 for intrinsic and 5 for use value). 5 middle class values belonging to the intrinsic value were religious/humanity, historical, cultural, environmental/ecological, landscape values. 5 values constituting the use value were social, educational, therapeutic, recreational, and economic values. As a low class, 102 assessment indicators were identified. 60 participants (30 buddhism people, 30 KNPS people) evaluated the importances of the developed values and indicators, using the pairewise comparison for the values and the interval scale for the indicators. It was found that both groups evaluated the use value more important than the intrinsic value and that religious/humanity, landscape, environmental/ecological, economic, recreational values were evaluated more important than the other middle class values. It was also revealed that the two groups were different in their assessments of the indicators. Based on the results, some suggestions were made to improve the management of the traditional temple areas.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.51-117
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• 2019

On 15th November 2017, the coastal city of Pohang, located in the Southeastern part of South Korea was shaken by a magnitude 5.4 earthquake. The earthquake displaced more than 1,700 residents and caused more than $ 300 million dollars of economic loss. It was the second most damaging earthquake in the history of Korea. Soon after the earthquake, a group of scientists raised a possible link between the first Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) project and the earthquake. At the same time, another group of scientists put forward a different hypothesis of the causation of the earthquake claiming that it was caused by the geological movements that were initiated by the Great Tohoku Earthquake in 2011. Since then, there were scientific debates between the two different groups of scientists. The scientific debate on the causation of the earthquake has been concluded temporarily by the Research Investigatory Committee on the Pohang Earthquake in 2019. The research committee concluded that the earthquake was caused by the Pohang EGS system: this means that the earthquake can be defined not as a natural earthquake, but as an artificially triggered earthquake. This article is to examine the Pohang earthquake can be defined as an Anthropocenic event. The newly suggested concept, the Anthropocene is a relatively novel term to classify the earthly strata and their relationship to geological time. The current geological period should be defined by human activities and man-made earthly environment. Although the term is basically related to geological classification, the Anthropocene has been widely debated amongst humanist and social science scholars. The current disastrous situation of our planet also implies with the Anthropocene. This paper is to discuss how to understand anthropogenic events. In particular, the paper pays attention to two different scholarly positions on the Anthropocene: Isabelle Stenger's Gaia theory and Barbara Herrnstein Smith's relativist theory. The former focuses on the earthly inevitable catastrophe of Anthropocene while the latter suggests to situate and contextualise anthropogenic events. On the basis of the theoretical positions, the article is to analyse how the Pohang earthquake can be located and situated.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.148-149
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• 2000

황금배는 1967년에 신고에 이십세기를 교배하여 1977년 1차선발과 1982년 2차선발을 거 쳐 1984년 최종선발, 명명한 품종으로, 당도가 높고 육질이 부드러워서 최근 몇년 사이에 캐 나다, 미국, 호주, 그리고 유럽 지역에서의 수요가 급증하고 있는 수출전망이 매우 밝은 품 종 중의 하나이다(92년 재배면적 lOha 수출량 5. 8M/T, 95년 재배면적 150ha 수출량 2 200.6M/T), 황금배는 비교적 대과이고 과형은 원형에 가까운 편원형으로서 사과 골든처럼 과피가 황금색이고 과육은 연황백색으로 투명하며 보기에 극히 미려한 특징이 있다. 아울러 육질이 유연치밀하고 과즙이 극히 많으며 당도가 높아 13$^{\circ}$ Bx이상, 15도 Bx까지 측정되는 둥 감산이 적화되어 맛이 극히 우수하다. 그러나 이러한 황금배는 동녹, 흑반병 등 병충해로 인한 상품가치의 하락으로 현재 수요를 충족시키지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 1 16세기부터 씌워진 과실봉지는 초기 병해충을 방지할 목적만으로 사용되어 왔지만, 현 재는 방균과 방충의 효과와 함께 자연현상의 최적화를 위한 차광성, 발수성, 투기성을 조절 하며 과실의 외관까지 영향을 미치는 바, 과실봉지의 기능성 부여를 위해서는 고도의 기술 력이 요구되고 있다 하겠다. 상기한 배에 방균방충처리된 과설봉지를 씌워서 재배하면 농 약 살포횟수를 줄이고 배에 농약이 직접 묻지 않아 배의 농약오염을 예방할 수 있으며, 봉 지 안으로의 해충이나 균의 침투를 원천적으로 봉쇄할 수 있다. 그러나 기존의 황금배용 봉 지는 비록 기타 병충해 피해를 방지하는 효과는 있었으나, 동녹을 억제하는 효력이 다소 미 흡하였다. 과피의 비정상적인 코르크화로 인해 발생하는 동녹은 과피의 물리적 할렬과 생리적 장 해에 의해 발생하는 것으로 알려져 있다(永澤 1940). 과실이 비대해짐에 따라 과피의 기공 (과점)이 할렬하면서 코르크화가 진행되는데 그 발생정도나 시기는 배의 품종에 따라 다르 나 일반적으로 코르크화는 기상조건, 특히 습도와 밀접한 관련이 있다고 알려져 있다 황금 배의 재배에 봉지를 적용하면 일반적으로 과피의 코르크화가 억제되는데 그러한 이유는 다 음과 같이 설명할 수 있다. 과실은 하루를 주기로 하여 수축과 팽창을 반복하면서 비대화하 는데 이러한 현상은 과실 내의 수분 조건에 따르는 것으로, 봉지재배의 경우 무대재배보다 단기간에 변화되는 습도의 범위가 좁아 급변을 방지하기에 과점의 할렬이 완화될 수 있다. 즉, 봉지를 씌웅으로서 봉지 내의 대기 환경이 외기보다 안정적으로 유지되고 직사광선이나 농약 및 마찰로부터 과실을 보호해 주기에 동녹이 어느 정도 방지될 수 있는 것이다. 그러나 기존의 황금배봉지는 동녹의 정도를 완화시킬 뿐 완전히 방지할 수 없었으며, 봉지를 적 용한 재배조건에서의 동녹발생 기구를 정확히 이해하지 못했었기에 효과적으로 봉지의 기능 을 개선하는 것이 불가능하였다. 과설의 미려도는 과실의 맛과 함께 그 가치를 결정짓는 중요한 물성으로서 우리나라 황 금배 재배환경과 특성에 알맞은 배봉지의 제작이 선결될 때, 배 품질의 향상, 안정된 공급이 가능하게 될 것이며 아울러 농가의 수업증대와 수출 경쟁력 강화가 이루어질 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 측면에서 황금배 재배농가가 당면한 동녹발생의 문제점을 신속한 해결 을 위한 새로운 기능성 국산 황금배 봉지의 개발이 절실히 요구되고 있다. 위와 같은 문제를 해결하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 과실봉지의 종류간에 동녹발생 정도 가 상이한 점에 예의 주시하여 다양한 봉지의 적용실험을 통해 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 황금배의 동녹 발생 정도는 배봉지의 발수성과 투기 및 투습도에 의해 크게 영향받는다. 상기한 바와 같이 과점의 코르크화로 인해 동녹이 발생된다고 할 때, 봉지 내의 습기 및 웅결수의 양은 황금배의 동녹에 중대한 영향을 미친다. 태양광이 내려찍는 낮 시간동안 황 금배는 증산작용을 하며 습기를 배출하는데 봉지 내의 온도가 높은 낮 시간 동안 수분이 습기로 존재하지만 기온이 급격히 떨어지는 일몰 이후에는 상대습도가 높아짐에 따라 결로 현상으로 인해 응결수가 된다. 이때 응결수와 접촉한 과피는 건조한 상태보다 세균의 침입 이 용이할 뿐만 아니라 기공(과점)의 호홉에 지장이 초래됨에 따라 과점의 할렬이 더욱 조 장되어 코르크화를 유발하고 결과적으로 동녹이 발생한다고 판단된다. 따라서 만일에 봉지 의 투기, 투습도가 양호하여 봉지 내의 과다한 수분이 충분히 배출될 수 있었다면, 수분의 응결을 피하고 동녹을 완화시킬 수 있을 것이라 판단되었다.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.53-68
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• 1998

Observation of hydrometeors' behavior in the atmosphere is important to understand weather and climate. By conventional observations, we can get the distribution of water vapor at limited number of points on the earth. In this study, the precipitable water has been estimated from the split window channel data on GMS-5 based upon the technique developed by Chesters et al.(1983). To retrieve the precipitable water, water vapor absorption parameter depending on filter function of sensor has been derived using the regression analysis between the split window channel data and the radiosonde data observed at Osan, Pohang, Kwangiu and Cheju staions for 4 months. The air temperature of 700 hPa from the Global Spectral Model of Korea Meteorological Administration (GSM/KMA) has been used as mean air temperature for single layer radiation model. The retrieved precipitable water for the period from August 1996 through December 1996 are compared to radiosonde data. It is shown that the root mean square differences between radiosonde observations and the GMS-5 retrievals range from 0.65 g/$cm^2$ to 1.09 g/$cm^2$ with correlation coefficient of 0.46 on hourly basis. The monthly distribution of precipitable water from GMS-5 shows almost good representation in large scale. Precipitable water is produced 4 times a day at Korea Meteorological Administration in the form of grid point data with 0.5 degree lat./lon. resolution. The data can be used in the objective analysis for numerical weather prediction and to increase the accuracy of humidity analysis especially under clear sky condition. And also, the data is a useful complement to existing data set for climatological research. But it is necessary to get higher correlation between radiosonde observations and the GMS-5 retrievals for operational applications.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.49-60
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• 2016

Distribution and behavior of baseline soil CO₂ were investigated in a candidate geologic CO₂ storage site in Pohang, with measuring CO₂ concentrations and carbon isotopes in the vadose zone as well as CO₂ fluxes and concentrations through ground surface. This investigation aimed to assess the baseline CO₂ levels and to build the CO₂ monitoring system before injecting CO₂. The gas in the vadose zone was collected using a peristaltic pump from the depth of 60 cm below ground surface, and stored at gas bags. Then the gas components (CO₂, O₂, N₂, CH₄) and δ¹³C_CO2 were analyzed using GC and CRDS (cavity ringdown spectroscopy) respectively in laboratory. CO₂ fluxes and CO₂ concentrations through ground surface were measured using Li-COR in field. In result, the median of the CO₂ concentrations in the vadose zone was about 3,000 ppm, and the δ¹³C_CO2 were in the wide range between −36.9‰ and −10.6‰. The results imply that the fate of CO₂ in the vadose zone was affected by soil property and vegetations. CO₂ in sandy or loamy soils originated from the respiration of microorganisms and the decomposition of C₃ plants. In gravel areas, the CO₂ concentrations decreased while the δ¹³C_CO2 increased because of the mixing with the atmospheric gas. In addition, the relation between O₂ and CO₂, N₂, and the relation between N₂/O₂ and CO₂ implied that the gases in the vadose zone dissolved in the infiltrating precipitation or the soil moisture. The median CO₂ flux through ground surface was 2.9 g/m²/d which is lower than the reported soil CO₂ fluxes in areas with temperate climates. CO₂ fluxes measured in sandy and loamy soil areas were higher (median 5.2 g/m²/d) than those in gravel areas (2.6 g/m²/d). The relationships between CO₂ fluxes and concentrations suggested that the transport of CO₂ from the vadose zone to ground surface was dominated by diffusion in the study area. In gravel areas, the mixing with atmospheric gases was significant. Based on this study result, a soil monitoring procedure has been established for a candidate geologic CO₂ storage site. Also, this study result provides ideas for innovating soil monitoring technologies.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.112-124
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• 2021

This study was conducted to examine and analyze local governments, park status, project characteristics, and the implementation in detail for private park special projects across the country as a means of responding to the sunsetting of urban parks. As a result of the analysis, first, the private park special project, was found to be mainly implemented in cities with a population of more than 100,000, so there was a limit to the application on military installations or in local small cities. Therefore, rather than applying the special system collectively, it was judged that institutional flexibility, considering the characteristics and size of local government, was needed. Second, the current special projects by the park creation donation collection method shows monotonous development centered on apartment houses, so it is necessary to diversify the development by introducing a park preservation method that purchases and donates park sites. Third, it was found that the area standard needs to be eased to less than 50,000m² to include parks with high utilization and good accessibility in urban areas of large cities, as the type and area of parks are limited. Fourth, most special projects are mountain parks, which are feared to damage the natural terrain and skyline, so separate ordinances should be established and applied, and development approaches should be made to allow nature and parks to coexist with the setting of detailed building guidelines for each type of facility. The guidelines should include, first, after the nationwide private park special projects are completed, standards for appropriate returns for similar projects should be established, institutional standards such as the recovery of excess profits should be established, and environmental reviews should be conducted. Second, it was found that local governments should institutionalize the composition of private consultations to promote the efficient management of projects through a cooperative system, and third, a roadmap for maintenance after the donation of special parks should be established.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.120-145
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• 2018

This study intended to examine the drainage facility of Gyeongbokgung Palace based on the traces of the relic found during the excavation survey. Historical records indicate that various efforts have been made for smooth drainage facility for the palace since the foundation of the Joseon Dynasty. Although there are no drawings showing the image of early appearance of Gyeongbokgung Palace during the foundation, it is possible to estimate it through the drawings prepared after the King Yeongjo's reign. The image of the palace after reconstruction can be seen through the "Bukgwoldohyeong" and other relevant documents. At this present, since the survey intends to determine the image of Gyeongbokgung Palace during the reign of King Gojong based on the standard restoration plan of the Cultural Heritage Administration, this study also focused on the drainage facility of Gyeongbokgung Palace during King Gojong's reign, particularly on the collecting wells and culverts of six areas including "Chimjeon Hall", "Taewonjeon Hall", "Geoncheongung Hall", "Sojubang Hall", "Hamhwadang - Jipgyeongdang - Yeonghundang Hall", and "Heungbokjeon Hall". Gyeongbokgung Palace is divided into various zones composed of the central halls and surrounding corridors, and the drains also primarily start from each hall and later join the central drain of the zone. The central drain then leads to the "Eo-gu(御溝)" and the water led to the "Eo-gu" is finally discharged through the water gate. It appears that this series of processes were basically devised to coordinate artificial drain with the natural drain using the natural geographical features of the palace. Research showed that the collecting well where the draining begin was installed in the area where a large amount of household sewage was generated but mostly in the corners where corridors met or corridors and wall met. This appears to be an arrangement to handle the water falling from the roof and household sewage. Also, "Ju(廚)" was installed mainly at the end of the corridor to handle household sewage. The installation of these drainage facilities shows the possibility that the drainage of Gyeongbokgung was very compact under a series of plans.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.32-47
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to examine the vegetation maintenance project that was conducted as a part of the Official Development Assistance (ODA) project for the historic site of Angkor, to analyze the aspects and characteristics of the project, and to derive implications for the establishment of future policies and strategies. First, the key words used in the vegetation maintenance project at the historic site of Angkor do not only refer to the concept of plants (and more specifically to 'trees') but also to the concept of heritage. In other words, the concept of heritage is not limited to architectural structures but is also intended to mean the vegetation and surroundings that form the historic site. Second, the expansion of the value of vegetation has contributed to the establishment of the basic principles of conservation based on the 'coexistence' between architectural structures and vegetation; here, vegetation has come to be recognized as an 'essential' element in the conservation of historic sites. Third, the range of vegetation maintenance has expanded from each tree to the surroundings of the temples, and vegetation maintenance came to adopt 'integrative' and 'active' directions to improve not only the growth environment of the vegetation but also the viewing environment experienced by visitors. This change means that it is necessary for the historic site maintenance project to comprehensively deal with the temples and their surrounding areas. Fourth, for the effective performance of the ODA project, the role of the International Coordinating Committee for the Safeguarding and Development of the Historic Site of Angkor (ICC-Angkor), under the influence of UNESCO, was expanded from an examination of the problems with the existing projects to a search for solutions to technical consultation and supervision. This implies that, in order to perform the ODA project in a way that is appropriate to the local conditions, it is important to reach gradual and phased agreements with ICC-Angkor.