• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.173-177
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• 1996

This study was carried out to improve utility value as soybean genetic resources and to obtain basic information for color-soybean breeding. The 146 local color soybean lines collected in Kyongbuk province were investigated major agronomic characteristics. Seed coat-color showed seven different types which were black, white mottled on black, white mottled on brown, black saddle on green, green, raddish brown and brown. Major color types were black and green colors. The 90 percent of collected lines were purple in flower color. The 86 lines were green in color of cotyledonary part and 64 lines yellow. Great variations were observed in days to flowering and days from flowering to maturity, 51 to 81 days and 75 to 103 days, respectively. But days to maturity was 150 to 159 days and had smaller variation than days to flowering and days from flowering to maturity in all lines except those with white mottled on black (123 days). The 100 seed weight ranged below 10g to over 36g. Black seed color with green embryo seed was heavier seed weight than black seed color with yellow embryo seed. Seed shape of all collected lines was ellipsodial and average ratio of length: width: thickness of seed was 1:0.87:0.69. Positive correlation coeffieients were obtained among seed length, width, thickness and 100 seed weight.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the suitability of colored barley in malting and brewing properties and the possibility of utilizing pigments in colored barley as functional components in malting and brewing products. Purple and blue barley grains contained anthocyanins. However, about 80% and 20% of anthocyanins in the purple and blue barley grains, respectively, were lost during the steeping process. In malts, only 0.4~4.2% and 58.3% of anthocyanin in purple and blue barley grains, respectively, were remained. Wort color value was not affected by lemma color of black barley. In wort made from black barley, the color value was higher as its soluble nitrogen content higher. Anthocyanins were not found in wort and beer brewed from malts of purple and blue barley. The color value (EBC unit) was higher in wort and beer made from malts of purple and blue barley than those made from malt of the control variety, Hopum.

• Proceedings of the Costume Culture Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.65-66
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• 2003

본 연구는 천연염색물 유물의 본래색인 전통색 추정을 위한 기초 실험중의 하나로, 천연염료와 전통섬유의 종류를 달리하여 전통염색방법을 따라 얻은 천연염색물을 이용하여 색변화에 가장 큰 영향을 주는 주변환경 중에서 세탁과 일광에 의한 천연염색물의 변퇴색의 거동경로를 분석하고자 하였다. 천연염료로는 우리나라에서 재배되는 홍화, 소방목, 치자, 황토, 능소화꽃잎, 지초, 먹물, 감물, 황련, 황백, 생쪽, 생쪽, 쪽, 산죽재, 신나무 등과 같은 15종류의 염료를 단독 혹은 혼합하여 이용하여 적색, 주황색, 연한 갈색, 진한 갈색, 황색, 청색, 자색, 흑색계열의 8종류의 색상을 지닌 천연염색물을 얻었다. (중략)

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.27-42
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• 2010

It was in the fifteenth century in Italy that men began to talk of a rebirth in the arts and literature. Today we consider the period to belong to the Renaissance. We noticed the splendour of costume and the important role it played, in the life of Italian society in that period. From elsewhere in Europe and also from the East, dyestuffs came to Italy overland or in shiploads. Red and blue, notably kermes and madder on the one hand, and indigo and woad on the other were fundamental textile dyes in Italy. Saffron was used for yellows, oak galls for blacks. Renaissance Italian costumes' main color symbolized various meaning. Red symbolized high rank, affection, lady, redemption and various cardinal virtueses. Yellow was evaded color which was symbolized the lower class, betrayal, and gold. Green symbolized penniless, youthfulness, hope and love. Blue symbolized humbleness, sincerity, knowledge and the Madonna. Purple symbolized nobility, vice and various meanings. Black symbolized death, grief, beauty and elegance. These color symbols in the Renaissance Italian costumes were very similar to that of modern color symbols.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.847-852
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• 2010

The anthocyanin pigment composition and color of several grape cultivars including Campbell Early, Muscat Bailey A, Kyoho (black berries), and North Red (red berries), were investigated. Twelve types of anthocyanins were identified in these cultivars by LC-MS. Black-colored cultivars, especially Muscat Bailey A, contained the widest range of anthocyanins, whereas the anthocyanin composition of North Red, the red-colored cultivar, was relatively simple. Anthocyanins extracted from the skin of berries were red in color at low pH, regardless of the origin of the extract. At higher pH, however, various colors, including blue, violet, brown, and black, were evident, depending on the cultivar. Differences in color expression among cultivars may be related to variations in the types and amounts of anthocyanidins synthesized, from which anthocyanin pigments are derived. The colors expressed by anthocyanin pigments were strong and diverse even at low concentrations. Therefore, anthocyanins extracted from grapes may be useful as natural food colorants.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.600-607
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• 1996

Colored rices have been used for specific purposes by rice consumers due to the color and nutritive values empirically recognized. In this study, varietal variations of pigmentation and nutritive values were investigated in brown, red, purple and black rices. Pigments were localized in seed coat to pericarp region in all varieties tested. Pigments were slightly residued on the surface of milled rice. Anthocyanin content per g brown rice was 1.63~17.62 $\mu\textrm{g}$ in brown and reddish-brown rices, 3.56~11.10 $\mu\textrm{g}$ in red rices, 28.11~401.22 $\mu\textrm{g}$ in purple rices, and 3, 665.98 $\mu\textrm{g}$ in a black rice. A vatiety DZ 78 showed the highest protein content out of colored rices analyzed for protein. Normal and colored rices were found to have the similiar composition of amino acids, and so was in between brown rice without embryo and milled rice. Colored rices, L $K_1$B-4-12-1-1 and DK 1, showed higher content of vitamin $B_1$ compared with Hwacheongbyeo, a check variety of no specific color, and L $K_1$B-2-1-1 and L $K_1$B-4-12-1-1 showed much higher content of vitamin B2 in brown rice without embryo. Cation contents such as $K^{+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$ and F $e^{2+}$ were significantly increased in most of the colored rices tested implying that the increase might be associated with color pigmentation.ation.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Costume Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.42-43
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• 2001

색상특성은 각 계열별로 차이가 있었으나 전반적 으로 고명도.저채도 중심으로 황색계열과 청색계열 은 고명도 위주의 분포특성을 보였다. 이어 반하여 적색계열은 비교적 색조의 영역이 넓었으며 고채도 의 분포특성이 두드러졌다. 자색계열은 저명도.중 채도, 녹색계열은 고명도.저채도 중심이었다. 남.녀복의 색조유형으로서 여복에서는 white보다는 tone 중심의 색조특성이 나타났으며. 남복에서는 white를 제외한 tint의 색조유형이 많았다. 이는 당시대인의 백색지향 의식을 대변하는 것으로 사료된다. 음양오행론의 배색원리에 의해 검토한 결과 여복 은 상생이 남복보다 낮게 집계되었으며, 반대로 파버 비렌의 색채조화의 배색원리에 의한 검토 철과는 남 복보다 여복의 적용수치가 높았다. 이것은 감각적인 색채조화 보다는 의례적인 성향이 좀 더 징한 남복이 서구의 색채조화의 척도에 적합하지 않은 결과로 추측된다. 전통복의 배색특성은 남녀가 매우 다른 양상을 보 이고 있었다. 여복의 기본 복식구조인 저고리/치마 는 백/청색계열, 백/황색계열과의 배색이 중심으로서 면적대비 및 명도대비에 의한 조화가 이루어지고 있었다. 반면에 저고리의 배색은 유채색과 백색계열 의 배색으로 채도대비의 성향이 강했다. 남복은 황/백색계열. 백/청색계열로 명도의 차가 크지 않았다. 포/띠의 의복 구성에 있어서는 흑색 또 는 적.자색 등의 세조대(細條帶)로 인해 채도대비, 면적대비, 명도대비의 배색효과를 찾아볼 수 있었다. 이상과 같은 분석결과를 통한 한국인의 색사용의 특정은 복식의 전면에 등장하는 백색지향과 음양오 행설을 그 배경으로 하고 있다. 백색위주의 색사용은 인공미가 배제된 자연미의 추구에 기인한 것으로 토착화된 한국의 색으로 볼 수 있다. 백색은 여러 색을 통합하고 배색된 색채착화된 한국의 색으로 볼 수 있다. 백색은 여러 색을 통합하고 배색된 색채들을 담하게 만드는 것이 특징 으로 한국전통 복식의 배색특성을 주도하고 있었다. 마지막으로 본 연구는 회화자료를 근거한 것으로 풍속화의 변색 및 탈색에 의해 당시대의 정확한 색채규명이 어려우며, 실물작품이 아닌 도판을 통한 측 색으로 색의 오차가 발생할 수 있음을 연구의 한계 점으로 언급하고자 한다.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.28
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• pp.109-136
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• 2022

This study analyzes the , one of the three panels of 《Welcoming Banquets for the Governor of Pyeong-an》, a documentary painting of the late Joseon Dynasty, with the aim to identify the coloring materials used in the painting. The painting was first imaged at each wavelength in order to minimize the potential problems in the process of analyzing specific parts. This study applied X-rays to identify ink, gold, and organic and inorganic pigments and used infrared rays to find ink and copper-based pigments. It also applied hyperspectral imaging to distinguish organic pigments from black, blue, and green materials. It also analyzed spots selected for each color to identify the following materials: white lead (white), ink/indigo (black), a combination of red lead and cinnabar (red), pink dye, purple dye, iron oxides (brown), orpiment/dye (yellow), malachite/malachite and yellow dye/indigo (green), azurite/white lead and indigo/indigo (blue), indigo and cochineal (violet), and gold leaf (gold). It is expected that more efficient analysis will be made possible by securing a sufficient library for each wavelength.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.169-176
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• 1981

Survey of sesame crop in the cultivators' field in the district of Daejeon, Yuseong, Sintanjin, Nonsan and Keumsan revealed that Alternaria and Corynespora blights of sesame were wide spread and caused severe damage to sesame plants. Symptoms of a new disease of sesame in Korea caused by Alternaria sesami were spreading, dark-brown to black, water-soaked lesions which often could be traced the entire length of the stem. In severe infections, several lesions coalesced together involving a major portion of the blade and the infected leaves dried and usually dropped off. Symptoms of Corynespora blight, caused by Corynespora cassiicola, were irregular shaped, concentrically-zoned, light brown to reddish brown lesions which later coalesced and caused defoliation. Stem lesions were long, reddish brown streaks that often coalesced, blighting the plants. The optimum temperatures for mycelial growth of A. sesami and C. cassiicola were about $27^{\circ}C$ and sporulations of these 2 fungi were stimulated under alternating light and darkness. Mycelial growth and sporulation of A. sesami and C. cassiicola were the greatest on sesame oatmeal agar (SOA) and potato dextrose agar (PDA), respectively.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.431-442
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to reveal that coloring status and the degree of damage and the kinds of pigments used in large buddhist painting (Gwaebultaeng) of Tongdosa temple using a scientific analysis methods. It was observed that the physical damage patterns of the Gwaebultaeng were folding, lifting, fading, and peeling. Lead red, cinnabar and organic pigments were used as red pigments. Malachite and atacamite were used as green pigments, azulite and lazulite were blue pigments, lead white and talc were white pigment. It is estimated that overlapping organic pigments on the lead white were used as the yellow pigment and carbon was the black pigment. Through the analysis of the particle status of the pigments, it was confirmed that different types of raw materials were used for the green pigment, and the crystal form was easily distinguishable. Also, the dark blue color and the light blue color differed from each other depending on the size and shape of the raw material particles. Yellow and purple colors were organic pigments which did not have a graininess. The yellow and purple colors were organic pigments free from the graininess, and the pigments of dark red pigments was found to be mixed with the orange color pigments and carbon particles.