• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2004

Background : Lung pericytes are important constituent cells of blood-air barrier in pulmonary microvasculature. These cells take part in the control of vascular contractility and permeability. In this study, it was hypothesized that change of lung pericytes might be attributable to pathologic change in microvasculature in acute lung injury. The purpose of this study was how hypoxia change proliferation and genetic expression in lung pericytes. Methods : From the lungs of several Sprague-Dawley rats, performed the primary culture of lung pericytes and subculture. Characteristics of lung pericytes were confirmed with stellate shape in light microscopy and immunocytochemistry. 2% concentration of oxygen and $200{\mu}M$ $CoCl_2$ were treated to cells. Tryphan blue method and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were done. Results : 1. We established methodology for primary culture of lung pericytes. 2. Hypoxia inhibited cellular proliferation in pericytes. 3. Hypoxia could markedly induce vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) and smad-2. 4. Hypoxia-inducible factor-$1{\alpha}$(HIF-$1{\alpha}$) was also induced by 2% oxygen. Conclusion : Viability of lung pericytes are inhibited by hypoxia. Hypoxia can stimulate expression of hypoxia-responsive genes. Pericytic change may be contributed to dysfunction of alveolar-capillary barrier in various pulmonary disorders.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.185-202
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• 2020

The diapause induction season in Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) was estimated in Suwon. Three batches of adult generations were observed, the first one from early May to early July, the second from early or mid-July to early or mid-August, and the third from mid-August to October. In outdoor larval rearing, colony rearing occurring from mid-July to mid-August produced both non-overwintering and overwintering larvae, whereas late-reared colonies produced only overwintering larvae. Larvae collected during July and August in maize fields produced both non-overwintering and overwintering larvae, whereas late-collected larvae produced only overwintering larvae. The results indicated that O. furnacalis has a bi- or trivoltine complex life cycle in this area. In the laboratory, when larvae of all instars within 9 h after molting were first treated to a diapause induction condition (11:13 h = light:dark photoperiod and 20℃), almost all larvae were induced to diapause. However, when similar treatments were conducted age-specifically for the 5th instar larvae, diapause induction rates in 3- and 4-day-old larvae of the 5th instar decreased. In contrast, when larvae were subjected to the diapause induction treatment only during the periods from the hatching stage to the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th instar, almost all larvae were not induced to diapause. The results suggest that the early age of the 5th larval instar is the last stage for sensitivity to diapause induction stimuli. In the diapause-induced larvae, hemolymph trehalose content increased and body supercooling points dropped, compared with those in non-diapause larvae.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.3-34
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• 2013

This research, which was experimented by dividing tangible and intangible products, established the influence that affects recovery for consumers' complaint behavior and behavioral intention as per each different compensation program. In Experiment 1, the consumers, who experienced complaint behavior owing to company's mistake, have preferably recovered through the compensation program offered by the company. However, there was a significant difference in preference recovery between products that caused complaint behavior. According to the study result, the more clear preference recovery was shown in the case of purchasing laptop than the case of dining in family restaurant. Additionally, the consumers' emotion recovery was possible through compensation.; There was a emotion recovery disparity depending on product type between purchasing laptop case and dining in family restaurant case. The consumers, who experienced complaints, were only able to recover their preference, emotion, and behavioral intention through compensation of which recovery was greater in tangible product case than ordinary service. Meanwhile, there was no distinct difference between recovery compensation types even though the products were identical-type ones whereas it appeared that such tangible product which showed greater purchasing effort as laptop computer was more effective in stimulating emotion response. In Experiment 2, the purpose was to find out the difference between complaint behavior and its recovery process shown after purchase by Korean and Japanese college students, who have different consumer purchasing habits. The both consumers of the two countries, who experienced complaint behavior, demonstrated precise difference in preference recovery while the emotion and behavioral intention exhibited no disparity between the two consumer groups. In this experiment, it was learned that Korean college students were show-off purchase type consumers while on the other hand, the Japanese college students were famous product purchase type consumers. Thus, there was a clear difference in laptop computer purchase process and post-purchase evaluation between these two groups. In particular, the Korean college students had quicker preference recovery through compensation than the Japanese college students on account of their tendency to be consciousness of others. Nevertheless, there was no difference between the emotion recovery and re-purchase recovery and therefore, the compensation program for complaints was proven to affect the emotion and behavioral intention.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1407-1414
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• 2012

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is an effective regimen that has been found to prevent these diseases in postmenopausal women. However, HRT is accompanied by an increased risk of unfavorable outcomes. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Eisenia Bicyclis extract on lipids in ovariectomized rats. Fifty 7-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups: sham-operated rats (SHAM), ovariectomized rats (OVX-CON), and ovariectomized rats that were treated with Eisenia bicyclis extracts. The extract-treated diets were fed to the rats for 6 weeks after operation. Antioxidant effects were measured by DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract increased in a dose-dependent manner and was about 55.9% in a concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/ml$. We measured the total cholesterol content, triglyceride content, HDL-cholesterol content, LDL-cholesterol content, atherosclerotic index, cardiac risk factor in serum, and anti-platelet aggregation and blood rheology. The total cholesterol and triglyceride concentration in serum increased for the OVX-control group, but supplementation with the E. bicyclis extract caused these factors to decrease. Notably, the serum LDL-cholesterol concentration in the OVX-EB200 group was significantly lower than the OVX-CON group. In addition, the blood passage times in rats that received the E. bicyclis extract were more rapid than the times in the untreated group (OVX-CON). Microscopic evaluation revealed that whole blood passed more smoothly through the microchannels in rats in the E. bicyclis extract supplement groups. Our results clarified the effects of E. bicyclis extract on serum lipid content in ovariectomized rats, and consequently we expect positive effects from providing E. bicyclis extract to postmenopausal women with cardiovascular disease.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.169-176
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• 2009

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a syndrome accompanied with the abnormal secretion or function of insulin, a hormone that plays a vital role in controlling the blood glucose level (BGL). Type land 2 DM are most common form and the prevalence of the latter is recently increasing, The aim of this article was to assess whet her Type 2 DM could act as a predisposing risk factor on the pulpo-periapical pathogenesis. Previous literature on the pathologic changes of blood vessels in DM was thoroughly reviewed. Furthermore, a histopathologic analysis of artificially-induced periapical specimens obtained from Type 2 diabetic and DM-resistant rats was compared. Histopathologic results demonstrate that the size of periapical bone destruction w as larger and the degree of pulpal inflammation was more severe in diabetic rats, indicating that Type 2 D M itself can be a predisposing risk factor that makes the host more susceptible to pulpal infection. The possible reasons may be that in diabetic state the lumen of pulpal blood vessels are thickened by atheromatous deposits, and microcirculation is hindered, The function of polymorphonuclear leukocyte is also impair ed and the migration of immune cells is blocked, leading to increased chance of pulpal infection. Also, lack of collateral circulation of pulpal blood vessels makes the pulp more susceptible to infection. These decrease the regeneration capacity of pulpal cells or tissues, delaying the healing process, Therefore, when restorative treatment is needed in Type 2 DM patients, dentists should minimize irritation to the pulpal tissue un der control of BGL.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.274-281
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• 1999

Usually sputtering and electroless plating methods were used for manufacturing metal-alloy thin film magnetic memory devices. Since electroless plating method has many merits in mass production and product variety com­pared to sputtering method, many researches about electroless plating have been performed in the United State of America and Japan. However, electroless plating method has not been studied frequently in Korea. In these respects the purpose of this research is manufacturing Co-Mn-P alloy thin film on the corning glass 2948 by electroless plating method using sodium hypophosphite as a reductant, and analyzing deposition rate, alloy composition, microstructure, and magnetic characteristics at various pH's and temperatures. For Co-P alloy thin film, the reductive deposition reaction 0$\alpha$urred only in basic condition, not in acidic condition. The deposition rate increased as the pH and temperature increased, and the optimum condition was found at the pH of 10 and the temperature of $80^{\circ}C$. Also magnetic charac­teristics was found to be most excellent at the pH of 9 and the temperature of $70^{\circ}C$, resulting in the coercive force of 8700e and the squareness of 0.78. At this condition, the contents of P was 2.54% and the thickness of the film was $0.216\mu\textrm{m}$. For crystal orientation, we could not observe fcc for $\beta$-Co. On the other hand,(1010), (0002), (1011) orientation of hcp for a-Co was observed. We could confirm the formation of longitudinal magnetization from dominant (1010) and (1011) orientation of Co-P alloy. For Co-Mn-P alloy deposition, coercive force was about 1000e more than that of Co P alloy, but squareness had no difference. For crystal orientation, (l01O) and (lOll) orientation of $\alpha$-Co was dominant as same as that of Co- P alloy. Likewise we could confirm the formation of longitudinal magnetization.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.17-22
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• 2002

지구상에는 수천종의 버섯류가 자생하고 있어 유전자원으로서의 중요성이 지대할 뿐만 아니라 기능성 식품소재 및 각종 약리 활성을 나타내는 신약개발 소재로도 크게 주목을 받고 있다. 이들 버섯은 균사체의 영양대사로 얻어지는 대사산물이 축적된 자실체의 형태로 나타나는데, 최근에 와서 자실체 및 균사체의 추출물이나 균사체 배양물이 체질개선이나 각종 병의 예방과 치료에 효과가 있는 것으로 밝혀져 건강식품이나 의약품으로서의 용도가 크게 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 특히, 담자균이 생산하는 특정 구조를 갖는 다당류는 오래전부터 종래의 화학요법제와는 달리 숙주내의 면역 기능을 부활하여 소위 면역요법제로서의 항암효과를 나타냄이 알려져왔었다. 현재까지 제약 및 의학적인 방법이 질병의 주된 치료방법으로 이용되어 왔지만 최근에 특정식품의 섭취가 만성질환의 발생을 억제 또는 지연시킨다는 연구 보고가 나오면서부터 만성질환의 치료방법으로서 식이요법을 중요하게 생각하게 되었다. 따라서 새로운 식품소재 및 가공식품의 개발을 통한 성인병 등의 각종 질병예방이 국민보건문제 해결에 필수적이다. 현재 일본 등에서는 표고버섯, 구름버섯 및 치마버섯 유래의 다당체 또는 단백다당체인 lentinan, krestin 또는 PS-K, schizophyllan 및 PSP 등이 실용화되어 높은 가격에 판매되고 있다. 국내에서도 야생 구름버섯 자실체로부터 추출한 단백 다당체인 Copolang(광동제약)이 개발되어 PS-K와 유사하게 암의 치료에 병행 사용되고 있고, 또 강력한 항암활성이 보고된 상황버섯의 균사체 추출물인 단백 다당체가 Mesima-Ex FK(한국신약)라는 상품명으로 암의 치료에 병행 사용되고 있는 것으로 알려지고 있다. 담자균류와 아울러 미생물 유래 다당체는 그 구조와 특성에 있어서 매우 다양함을 지니고 있다. 이러한 미생물 유래 다당류의 공업적 생산과 이용에 대한 연구로서는 Leuconostoc mesenteroides가 생산하는 dextran이 혈장증량제로 개발된 이래 Xanthomonas campestris가 생산하는 pullulan, Zoogloea rgmigera가 생산하는zooglan둥이 대표적인 예로 보고되고 있다. 한편, 미생물 유래 다당류는 구성당, 분자량, 화학적 구조 등과 같은 특성의 차이에 의해 많은 종류가 존재하고 있으며, 다양한 물성 및 유화제, 응고제, gel 형성제, 필름 형성제, 흡착제, 안정제, 접착제 등과 같은 용도로 광범위하게 이용되고 있다. 또한 근래에 들어서는 미생물 유래 다당체가 지니는 항암활성이 확인되어 새로운 의약품으로서의 개발 가능성이 기대된다. 그 밖에도 기존에 알려져 있는 식물 및 해조류 유래의 다당체와는 달리, 발효조를 이용한 연속배양에 의해 공업적 대량 생산이 가능하며, 더욱이 생산된 다당체의 분리 및 회수가 용이하다는 이점을 지니고 있다. 최근에 들어서는 유전공학적 기법을이용한 고생산성 변이균주 및 새로운 기능을 지닌 다당체의 개발에 관한 연구가 보고되고 있는 등 고부가가치를 지닌 새로운 바이오 소재로서의 기능 및 용도 개발에 관한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 이러한 항암 활성을 나타내는 여러 가지 담자균류중 Agaricus blazei로부터 생산되는 다당체는 고형암 이외에 S형 결장암, 난소암, 유방암, 폐암, 간암 등에 효과가 입증되었고, 천연물질에 의한 암 면역요법으로 각광을 받고 있으며, 항암 및 항virus의 완치율과 저지율에서 현재 여러가지 약효가 있는 버섯중에서도 탁원한 효과가 있는 것으로 증명되고 있다. 이들 다당체는 사이토카인을 생산시켜서 T임파구와 B임파구의 항원 특이적인 면역반응을 활성화시키고, 세포장해성 T세포와 활성화 대식세포의 세포장해 기능을 충진시켜서 암세포를 파괴시킨다. 또한 콜로니 자극인자인 사이토카인을 생산시켜서 면역담당세포의 신생을 촉진시키기도 하며, 암의 화학요법과 방사선 요법으로 저하된 백혈구를 회복시키는 역할을 한다. 따라서 최근의 연구동향은 생산된 다당체의 항암활성을 향상시키고자 하여 배양기간중에 interleukin을 의도적으로 첨가하는 경향이 있다. 이러한 항암 활성을 나타내는 담자균체 유래 다당체는 버섯의 기원에 따라 그 형태에 약간의 차이를 나타내기는 하나 그 기본 형태는 ${\beta}-(1,6)-glucosyl$ 분지를 가진 ${\beta}-(1,3)-glucan$이며, 평균 분자량은 50 ${\sim}$ 200만 정도이다. Agaricus blazei의 원산지인 브라질의 피에다데(Piedade) 지방의 환경조건(산지의 습도는 80%, 낮 기온 $35^{\circ)C$, 밤 기온 $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$로 대단히 높으며, 정기적으로 열대지방 특유의 소나기가 내리는 지역)에서 볼 수 있듯이 Agaricus blazei의 성장 환경은 매우 까다로운 편이며, 날것으로는 보관이 잘 안되기 때문에 그 재배에 큰 어려움이 있다. 또한, 고체배양에 의해 생산된 버섯 자실체로부터 유기용매 및 열수추출 방법으로 다당체를 생산하는 방법은 균일한 형태의 버섯 자실체를 공급받기가 어렵기 때문에 다당체의 생산 수율이 낮고, 많은 노동력이 요구되는 어려움이 있다. 그러나 액체배양에 의한 다당체 생산의 경우는 고체배양에 의한 다당체 생산에 비해 일정한 조건하에서 배양이 가능하다는 장점이 있으며, 항상 균일한 균사체 및 배양액을 얻을 수 있다. 따라서 원하는 유용물질을 쉽게 획득할 수 있는 장점이 있다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

In order to examine the immunoresponse of host cells to Enterococcus faecalis, this in vitro study monitored the production of Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and Transforming growth factor-$\beta1\;(TGF-\beta1)$ in human lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were activated with PHA in the presence or abscence of sonicated extracts of E. Faecalis (SEF) and further incubated for 72 hours. The level of each cytokine was measured by ELISA. Data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test (P < 0.05). PHA-activated group did exhibit higher level of IL-2 and IL-4 than untreated control group. The levels of expression of both cytokines were significantly decreased following the treatment of high (25 ${\mu}g/ml$) and medium concentration (12.5 ${\mu}g/ml$)) of SEF (P > 0.05) than those of PHA activated group. But low concentration (5 ${\mu}g/ml$)) of SEF showed th similar level of IL-2 and IL-4 production as those of PHA activated group. $TGF-\beta1$ was unaffected by SEF treatment. These results suggested that E. faecalis may suppress IL-2 and IL-4 production by lymphocytes and this could be one of possible factors why E. faecalis are found frequently in the teeth with failed endodontic treatment.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.402-409
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• 2019

Korean red ginseng made from steaming and drying fresh ginseng has long been used as a traditional herbal medicine due to its effects on the immune, endocrine, and central nerve systems and its anti-inflammatory activity. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of a formulated Korean red ginseng extract (RGE) in response to lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a cell wall component of gram-positive bacteria. RGE inhibited LTA-induced nitric oxide (NO) secretion and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in BV-2 microglial cells, without affecting cell viability. RGE also inhibited nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) p65 and degradation of $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$. In addition, RGE increased the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in a dose-dependent manner, and the inhibitory effect of RGE on iNOS expression was abrogated by small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of HO-1. Moreover, RGE induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor that regulates HO-1 expression. Furthermore, the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI-3K) inhibitor and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors suppressed RGE-mediated expression of HO-1, and RGE enhanced the phosphorylation of Akt, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), p38, and c-JUN N-terminal kinases (JNKs). These results suggested that RGE suppressed the production of NO, a proinflammatory mediator, by inducing HO-1 expression via PI-3K/Akt- and MAPK-dependent signaling in LTA-stimulated microglia. The findings indicate that RGE could be used for the treatment of neuroinflammation induced by grampositive bacteria and that it may have therapeutic potential for various neuroinflammation-associated disorders.

• (The) Korean Journal of Advertising
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.7-25
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• 2016

According to recent studies, the location of visual information has a significant impact on consumers' interpretation and judgment in various contexts. In particular, vertical positioning is relevant to the perception of weight: consumers tend to interpret that products are heavier when information is placed at the bottom of a page or section rather than the top. This is due to the common perception that heavy things would sink to the bottom and light things would float up. Consistent with this research stream, the current study investigates how the vertical location of freebie information influences promotion evaluation. We hypothesize that consumers assume that the complimentary product is heavier when the information about it is displayed at the bottom compared to when the information is displayed at the top. Two experiments were conducted. In experiment 1, we show how the location of "get one free" information impacts the evaluation of the sales promotion in a "Buy two and get one free" context. When the complimentary information was displayed below rather than above the main product information, consumers evaluated the sales promotion more favorably. Experiment 2 tests the generalizability of the vertical location effect by using a different type of information and product: a visual picture of vitamin tablets rather than the numeric information as in Experiment 1. The dependent variable was also extended to the perceived amount of the promoted product. We suggest the boundary condition that the proposed effect is moderated by the presence or absence of an explicit message about the amount. Without an explicit message about the amount of the product, the results were similar to those of experiment 1 in that consumers perceived that the product offered a greater amount when the complimentary information was displayed at the bottom rather than at the top. However, the location effect disappeared with an explicit message about the amount. This confirms the moderating effect that presenting an explicit message about the amount is a crucial boundary condition for location effect in a value added promotion. Marketers can use this knowledge to formulate strategies in a variety of sales promotion conditions.