• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 1999

Dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) granular formulations for controlled release (DGFCRs) were prepared with biodegradable polymers, corn starch and pregelatinized starch, to minimize harmful side effects, extend weed control performance, and control the releasing rate of the active ingredient. Physico-chemical properties and biological activity of DGFCRs were studied. Six different granules were formulated by applying two processes, granulation and extrusion. Formulation efficiencies of active ingredient (A.I.) in the granules prepared by granulating and extruding were $90.0{\sim}96.3%$. Incorporation ratios of A.I. in the granules prepared by granulating and extruding showed $89.5{\sim}94.5%$ and $46.7{\sim}82.0%$, respectively. The highest swellability was DG-2 formulation prepared with corn starch. Whereas, the lowest floatability in water was DG-2 formulation, while the highest one was DG-1 formulation prepared with pregelatinized starch, Miragel 463. The degradation rates of dicamba in the granules under the elevated temperature of $50^{\circ}C$ were less than 5% for DG-1 and DG-2 formulations even after 90 days, meanwhile, those of DE-1 formulations prepared with pregelatinized starch, Mirasperse, were more than 5%. The release rates of A.I. from the granules into water under a static condition were about 100% after 2 weeks. Weeding effects of the granules on broad leaf weeds tested in greenhouse were more than 90% after 30 days.

• Life and Agrochemicals
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• v.27 no.3 s.216
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• pp.60-63
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• 2006

FMC코리아∙신영아그로∙아진케미칼, 본회 준회원 가입/ 신임 한국잔류농약연구회장에 김용환씨 선출/ 동부한농화학, 「동부한농」으로 사명 변경/ 바이엘, 「바스타」글로벌 경쟁대회 수상 영예/ 바이엘, 「영업 정책 설명회 및 인센티브 시상식」개최/ 바이엘, 제품상담 위한 대표 전화번호 개설/ 동부한농, 진딧물약「세티스」본격 출시/ 경농, 신제품「모스피란 입제」출시/ 신젠타, 2006신제품 출시회 성료/ 신젠타, 이삭 주요병해 전문약제「킬트」출시/ 바스프∙스미토모화학, 각각 사무실 이전

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 1998

In order to minimize harmful side effects, extend weed control performance, and control the releasing rate of the active ingredient, dicamba controlled release granular formulations were prepared with starch as matrix. Leaching, soil residue, and volatilization of the granules were compared with dicamba soluble concentrate formulation (SL). Leaching of dicamba through the soil applied with the granules could be reduced more than 50% as compared with that of dicamba SL. The half life of dicamba in loamy soil treated with the granules was 50 to 51 days, while that in sand loamy soil was 50 to 58 days. Whereas, the half life of dicamba in loamy and sand loamy soil applied with dicamba SL was 24 and 22 days, respectively. Volatilization of dicamba from the granules was 10 times less than that of dicamba SL.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1992

New formulation of diazinon as granule preparing with piperonyl butoxide(PBO) and triphenyl phosphate(TPP) known as the inhibitor of monooxygenase(mo) and esterase was tested with the mortality of rice leaf hopper. Also, the mixed formulation of diazinon with tricyclazole, carbofuran and EPN were investigated about the residual pattern of diazinon in submerged soil condition at $30{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. Although the mortality about rice leaf hopper was higher only 10% on new formulation of diazinon than commercial at recommended dose but was 30-60% at half dose. Half life of diazinon in the formulation with 0.1% of PBO+TPP was 4.53 days in sterilized soil and 2.33 days in non-sterilized soil, and it was delayed about 0.74 and 0.45 respectively in contrast with the commercial granule. Also, half life of the new formulation with 1% PBO and PBO+TPP was delayed 0.44(PBO) and 0.65day(PBO+TPP) in non-sterilized soil condition, respectively. Half life of mixed formulation with tricyclazole, carbofuran, EPN or EPN+Carbofuran was delayed 2.61, 1.04, 0.43 or 2.7 days, respectively. As a result, the persistence rate of new formulation and mixed formulation was increased by inhibition of two enzymes affecting to the dgradation of diazinon in submerged soil.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.74-81
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• 2008

To elucidate the exposure of pesticide in agricultural environment and to investigate distribution of pesticide in paddy fields. This experiment was carried out to clarify pesticide distribution in paddy fields applied with different formulations and growing stages. Initial dissipation rate of applied butachlor EW and oxadiazon EC before rice planting were more than 90% within 3 days in paddy fields. The distribution of a.i. in the pesticide formulations tested depended upon the elapsed time at each growing stage of rice plant after application. Most of pesticides applied within 15 days after transplanting of rice seedlings, more than 95%, were located in the surface water and soil regardless of pesticides; butachlor, thiobencarb and molinate GR. The distribution of iprobenfos GR, tricyclazole WP and phenthoate EC, after application 2 hours in middle growing stage (46 days after rice planting) were shown as 16.1, 48.9 and 38.9% in surface water, 83.6, 15.4 and 10.7% in soil, and 0.3, 35.7 and 50.4% in rice plants of paddy fields, respectively. Also tricyclazole WP and phenthoate EC, after application 2 hours in the late rice growing stage (90 days after rice planting) were distributed to 7.8 and 9.8% in surface water, and 21.7 and 5.1% in soil, and 70.5 and 85.1% in rice plants of paddy fields, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.289-295
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• 1995

This study was carried out to develop a controlled-release insecticide formulation for the control of rose aphid (Macrosiphum ibarae) in rose and cotton aphid (Myzus persicae) in chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum var. Meibung) in greenhouse. Imidacloprid[1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylideneamine] was chosen as a toxicant. Two synthetic polymers, low density polyethylene(LDPE) and ethylene vinyl acetate(EVA), were used as polymer matrices. The tested plastic sheet formulations were prepared by heat-aided extrusion procedures after mixing imidacloprid technical and the polymers of three different combinations, and physicochemical properties as well as efficacy of the formulations were investigated. The amounts of imidacloprid recovered and incorporated in the formulations were recorded over 90% and 80%, respectively. Release of the active ingredient from the formulations was remarkably affected by mixing rates of polymers. The active ingredient in the formulations was chemically unstable with over 10% degradation rates after 90 day storage at $50{\pm}2^{\circ}C$. The residual amounts of imidacloprid in the soil treated with the formulations were paralleled with the release pattern of the formulations. Efficacy of the formulations on rose and cotton aphid was maintained over 90% even 120days after treatment under greenhouse.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 1995

To reduce crop damage from root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne spp. chemical, cultural, physical control methods were compared in commercial greenhouse for 3 years from 1992 to 1994. Timing of sol exchange for economic losses due to the nematodes is important: every 3 years for coarse sand (Masatto) and every 4 years for red-yellow soil. Control effects on Meloidogyne spp. in cucumber were 78.2% in Dazomet DP, 72.1% Carbo G+Soil reverse+submergence, and 66.3% in Carbo G+submergence. Pesticide effects were temporally different after treatment: 77.7~80.6% in 20 days and 33.7~49.5% in 60 days. Cropping system in oriental melon gave an excellent control effect of 81.1% at oriental melon/rice culture. All methods controled root-knot nematodes at the time of the treatment but the number of the nematodes increased at the end of the season. However, soil exchange was effective for 3 years. The most economic control practice is rotation with rice for every three years.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.407-415
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• 1986

To obtain informations on the development of the combined granular pesticides for the simultaneous control of rice insect pests and diseases which often occur at the same time or in overlapping experiments were carried out on twelve mixture pesticides of granular type formulated by extrusion method with two fungicides and three insecticides. Each of 12 mixtures was tested for physico-chemical properties and efficacy against to rice leaf blast and brown planthoppers under the laboratory conditions. All of the mixture pesticides showed acceptable physico chemical properties as granular formulation. Most of the compounds in mixture pesticides showed a tendency to have lower stabilities than those of pesticide alone, therefore, it was necessary to add stabilizer in formulation process. Isoprothiolane combinations were found very effective against leaf blast but their control effects were similar to that of isoprothiolane alone due to its high efficacy, while probenazole-carbofuran combinations showed synergistic effects for the control of leaf blast. All of the combinations showed synergistic effects to brown planthoppers. But fenthion and 3% propoxur combinations resulted comparatively low efficacies. In the consideration of their physico-chemical properties and efficacies to rice pests, carbofuran and 6% propoxur combinations were promising combined granular pesticides for the simultaneous control of leaf blast and brown planthoppers, while fenthion and 3% propoxur combinations were not available because of their low efficacies for brown planthoppers.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.245-263
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• 2000

This study was conducted to provide the basic data about the health effects of pesticide exposure among farmers for agricultural health study. We analyzed 412 self-administered questionnaires collected from the male farmers who spray pesticides in Kyoung-ju area, Korea. Survey questions were about chronic symptoms, acute symptoms while pesticide spraying, pesticide intoxication accident, safety rules, protective equipments etc. The correlations among the variables related to pesticide exposure and the factors in acute pesticide poisoning and chronic symptoms of farmers were also analyzed. For chronic symptoms, the prevalence of 'tiredness and languor', 'lumbago', 'nocturia', 'shoulder pain', 'numbness', and, for acute symptoms while pesticide spraying, the experience rate of 'itching sense of skin', 'dizziness/headache', 'fatigue', 'eye glaring' were high compared with other symptoms. For 'experience of intoxication accident by pesticide in family', 7.1% of the subjects experienced the accident and the causes were pesticide spraying, food contamination by pesticide, suicide etc. Among safety rules, 'take a bath after spraying', 'change clothes after spraying' were kept relatively well, and, for protective equipments, hat, boots, mask, gloves, protective clothes(lower) were put on relatively well. The factors associated with acute pesticide poisoning were the extent of keeping safety rules, spraying time, orchard cultivation, agricultural area and spraying days per year etc. And the factors associated with chronic symptoms were acute symptoms while pesticide spraying, agricultural area, farming career, extent of keeping safety rules, extent of agricultural work and the pesticide exposure index etc. From these results, it is suggested that to reduce the health effects by pesticide exposure among farmers, the education to promote to keep safety rules and wear protective equipments, and information services should be recommended. And further studies on the long term health effects of pesticide exposure among farmers are required.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.101-105
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• 2008

Effects of different application of nematicides (fosthiazate 5% G, ethoprophos 5% G, and diazinon 34% EC) for the control of Aphelenchoides fragariae in strawberry were evaluated in a greenhouse experiments. Mother strawberry (Fragaria grandiflora) cv. Yeohong were dipped in solution of nematicides (fosthiazate or ethoprophos at 2.5 g a.i./liter in $20^{\circ}C\;or\;46^{\circ}C$) for 10 min. and planted in a greenhouse for dipping treatment. For the compare, mother strawberry were dipped in hot water for 10 min. without chemicals. For soil treatment, fosthiazate or ethoprophos at 3 kg a.i./ha were mixed into soil. For foliar spray, diazinon at 3.4 g a.i./liter was sprayed at foliage until runoff. At 40, 80, and 100 days after planting, runners were harvested from each treatment and the rate of nematode infestation and the number of nematodes per plant were examined. After 100 days of planting, mother strawberry plants dipped in fosthiazate solution (2.5 g a.i./liter, $20^{\circ}C$) for 10 min. produced more number of healthy runners and reduced % of infected runner as much as 90% and also had fewer nematodes per runner. Fosthiazate was more effective than ethoprophos. Foliar application of diazinon was reduced A. fragariae populations only in early season. Hot water treatment and nematicide soil treatment were less effective.