• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.115-134
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• 1991

The role of pension plans in the macroeconomy has been a subject of much interest for some years. It has come to be recognized that pension plans may alter basic macroeconomic behavior patterns. The net effects on both savings and labor supply are thus matters for speculation. The aim of the present paper is to provide quantitative results which may be helpful in attaching orders of magnitude to some of the possible effects. We are not concerned with the providing empirical evidence relating to actual behavior, but rather with deriving the macroeconomic implications for a alternative possibilities. The pension plan interacts with the economy and the population in a number of ways. Demographic variables may thus affect both the economic burden of a national pension plan and the ability of the economy to sustain the burden. The tax transfer process associated with the pension plan may have implications for national patterns of saving and consumption. The existence of a pension plan may have implications also for the size of the labor force, inasmuch as labor force participation rates may be affected. Changes in technology and the associated changes in average productivity levels bear directly on the size of the national income, and hence on the pension contribution base. The vehicle for the analysis is a hypothetical but broadly realistic simulation model of an economic- demographic system into which is inserted a national pension plan. All income, expenditure, and related aggregates are in real terms. The economy is basically neoclassical; full employment is assumed, output is generated by a Cobb-Douglas production process, and factors receive their marginal products. The model was designed for use in computer simulation experiments. The simulation results suggest a number of general conclusions. These may be summarized as follows; - The introduction of a national pension plan (funded system) tends to increase the rate of economic growth until cost exceeds revenue. - A scheme with full wage indexing is more expensive than one in which pensions are merely price indexed. - The rate of technical progress is not a critical element in determining the economic burden of the pension scheme. - Raising the rate of benefits affects its economic burden, and raising the age of eligibility may decrease the burden substantially. - The level of fertility is an element in determining the long-run burden. A sustained low fertility rate increases the proportion of the aged in total population and increases the burden of the pension plan. High fertility has inverse effects.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.77-83
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• 2012

Objectives: Recent studies have reported a correlation between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) and depression. In attempt to verify the suggestion that eveningness is related to depression, we examined the effect of morningness-eveningness on their depressive mood in patinets with OSA. Methods: The examination was based on the medical records and polysomnography reports of 211 OSA patients. Information was gathered from the patients who filled out the H$\ddot{o}$rne and Ostberg questionnaire (HOQ), profile of mood states-Korean version (K-POMS), and Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS). We compared mean values of K-POMS total, subscales of K-POMS, ESS, and OSA severity variables among the 3 morningness-eveningness groups (morningness, eveningness, and neither groups). Partial correlation analysis was performed between variables and ANCOVA was performed among the 3 groups after adjustment with age and weight. Results: There were significant negative correlations between HOQ and the followings : K-POMS total, POMS-T (tension-anxiety), POMS-D (depression-dejection), POMS-A (anger-hostility), POMS-F (fatigue-inertia), POMS-C (confusion-bewilderment), spontaneous arousal index, average O2 saturation. There were significant positive correlations between HOQ and the followings : POMS-V (vigor-activity), apnea-hypopnea index, respiratory arousal index, snore time. There were significant negative correlations between POMS-D and the followings : HOQ, POMS-V, stage 1 sleep (%), AHI, TAI (total arousal index), oxygen desaturation index, respiratory arousal index, neck circumference, average O2 desaturation, snore time (%). There were significant positive correlations between POMS-D and K-POMS total, POMS-T, POMS-A, POMS-F, POMS-C, sleep latency, stage 2 sleep (%), heart rate, spontaneous arousal index. There were significant differences in K-POMS total, POMS-T, POMS-D, POMS-F, POMS-C, spontaneous arousal index among the three HOQ groups in ANCOVA. Conclusion: The depressive correlates of OSA patients might be affected, not by excessive daytime sleepiness or OSA severity indexes, but by eveningness circadian characteristics. It would be important to take into account the morningness-eveningness tendency when we manage the depressive mood of OSA patients.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.97-106
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• 2015

In recent, hybrid market segmentation techniques have been widely adopted, which conduct segmentation using both general variables and transaction based variables. However, the limitation of the techniques is to generate incorrect results for market segmentation even though its methodology and concept are easy to apply. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme to overcome this limitation of the hybrid techniques and to take an advantage of product information obtained by customer's transaction data. In this scheme, we first divide a whole market into several unit segments based on the general variables and then agglomerate the unit segments with higher QAP correlations. Each product network represents for purchasing patterns of its corresponding segment, thus, comparisons of QAP correlation between product networks of each segment can be a good measure to compare similarities between each segment. A case study has been conducted to validate the proposed scheme. The results show that our scheme effectively works for Internet shopping malls.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.193-206
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• 2011

Due to the great impact of private education expenses on many areas including economics and politics, reducing private education expenses is one of the key issues in Korea. In this paper, we analyze the data from a survey on private education expenses, conducted by Statistics, Korea, in 2008. We study the effect of some demographic variables on two dependent variables, the expenses for out-of-school private education (Private) and the expenses for after-school programs (Afterschool), by using a multiple linear regression model. The analysis results show that 'residential area' and 'school level' variables have a significant effect on the two dependent variables. 'Private' increases in the order of small town, middle town, or metropolitan city, and Seoul, by about 7%. On the other hand, 'Afterschool' are about the same for all areas except for the small town. In terms of the effect of 'school level', 'Private' for high school students is about 17% larger than all other students including professional high school students. This shows a strong correlation between university admission and private education, in Korea. 'Afterschool' is larger for high school and elementary school students and decreases in the order of professional school students and middle school students. It seems that after-school programs are alternatives to expensive private education programs for elementary school students, and that high school students are attracted to after-school programs to get a good GPA, which is important for university admissions.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• 제67권1호
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• pp.165-187
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• 2015

This study was designed to examine the influence of social-environment factors on high risk alcohol consumption. The study analyzed 229 local areas throughout Korea. Main variables included high risk alcohol consumption and environment factors such as population structure, liquor stores. For exploring the problem drinking, geographically weighted regression(GWR) using the geographic information system(GIS) was utilized to analysis. Major findings are rate of perceived stress, number of restaurants and bars. Especially problem drinking were influenced restaurants and bars, and the form or aim of restaurants and bars had differentiability to the problem drinking. These results have implication about the regulation policy of alcohol availability for prevention of alcohol related problems.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한예방의학회 2005년도 제57차 추계 학술대회 연제집
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• pp.437-437
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• 2005

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 대한전기학회 2008년도 추계학술대회 논문집 전기설비전문위원
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• pp.253-254
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• 2008

최근 국내 IT 산업의 발달에 따른 디지털화에 따라서 대기전력에 의해서 소비되는 전력소모량은 일반 가정용 전원을 기준으로 할 때 전체 사용량의 11%에 육박하는 수준까지 나타나고 있으며, 이는 다른 선진국에 비해서도 상당히 높은 수준으로 미국의 5% 수준의 2배가 넘는 수치이다. 전기, 전자제품의 디지털화의 추세는 일반가구 및 산업시설에 공급되는 공급전압에 비해서 상당히 낮은 전압으로 제품이 동작하게 되며, 이러한 전압변환은 제품에 내장된 변압기에 의해서 수행되는데, 변압기는 전기 전자제품이 구동하지 않는 경우에도 일차측에 인가된 전압에 의해서 발생되는 대기전력 소비량에 의해서 일정 크기의 전력소모가 지속적으로 이루어지고 있다. 본 인구에서는 대기진력에 대해서 가전제품의 대기상태를 유지하기 위한 상태에선 소모되는 전력량 및 변압기의 1차측에서 유도되나 2차측에서 전력에너지로 변환되지 못하고 소실되는 손실을 모두 포함하는 것으로 정의를 내리고, 해당 적용 제품의 비구동상태에서 독립된 전원으로 구동되어 변압기의 1차 측을 완전히 개방하여 1차 측 전압인가에서 발생되는 손실까지 모두 줄일 수 있는 회로에 대한 기술적인 구성과 적용가능성에 대해서 연구하였다.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2014

The prevalence of obesity and overweight is increasing in mood disorder, and it is connected to an increased cardiovascular mortality. Because of them, treatment for obesity may be an essential part of mood disorder treatment. Similar to the general population, non-pharmacological treatment such as correction of life habits should be considered first of all. If this approaches are fail, pharmacological treatment for obesity would be required as next step. Any drug for obesity is not approved officially in mood disorder. So approved drugs in general population, and drugs supported by several studies are prescribed in clinical settings. Several treatment guidelines for mood disorder and studies support that orlistat, metformin, topiramate and bupropion is effective and safe.

• 한국해양학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 1979

In order to investigate water quality of coastal waters, samples were collected from the six coastal areas of Korean peninsula during summer of 1977, and analyzed for Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results showed no significant heavy metal pollution in most parts of the studied areas in comparison with results of other countries in literature. However, strong possibility of some specific heavy metal pollution is shown in the specific areas, such as Cu and Pb in the Sea off Cunsan, Pb in Kwangyang Bay and Cd and Pb in Ulsan Bay.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.39-54
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• 2019

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the difference of seafood dining consumer behavior by demographic characteristics (age, gender). This research surveyed 251 people in Busan, Korea. t-test, one-way ANOVA, and MDS were used to identify the difference of consumer behavior by demographics. The result of the research revealed the difference between demographic characteristics and seafood dining consumption. 20's showed to accept the trendy dining culture represented by salmon, sushi and shrimp, and 30's also have similar tendency. 40's have higher spending tendency to seafood dining like tuna restaurants. 50's and 60's showed conservative consumption propensity represented by grilled fish, braised fish and raw fish restaurants. In gender analysis, male have higher frequency than female about grilled eel. In the future, the seafood dining market would be reorganized with the expansion of sushi, salmon and shrimp dishes, which can be classified as a new dining market. In this research, we suggested fisheries supply and production strategies according to age and gender.