• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.11
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• pp.1603-1610
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• 2012

The effects of moisture content on the physical properties of cereal extrudates were investigated. Cereal flours (rice, wheat, corn, barley, and oat) were extruded at a barrel temperature of $130^{\circ}C$, feed rate of 120 g/min, and various moisture contents (20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, and 30%). Proximate content, expansion index, specific length, bulk density, breaking strength, apparent elastic modulus, water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), specific mechanical energy (SME) input, paste viscosity, and color values were analyzed. Expansion ratio of extruded corn flour was higher than that of other extrudates at low moisture content. Bulk density, specific length, and elastic modulus in all cereals decreased with an increase in moisture content. The WAI increased with an increase in moisture content, whereas WSI decreased. SME input of extruded corn flour was higher than those of other cereal flours at lower moisture content, whereas that of oat flour extrudate was lower than those of other cereals at higher moisture content. Lightness of extruded rice flour was lighter than those of other cereals while that of extruded barley flour was darker.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.304-304
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• 2010

최근 생활에 편리하며 휴대하기 좋은 전자기기들이 개발되고 있다. 휴대폰이나 MP3와 같은 전자기기들은 거의 필수품이라고 할 정도로 우리의 일상생활에 근접하여 있다. 그 종 대표적으로 휴대폰의 종류로 스마트폰과 같은 터치스크린을 이용한 사례는 점차 상승하고 있으며 시간이 지날수록 그 수요는 더욱 많아지고 있다. 때문에 몰입감 제공을 위하여 햅틱장치의 채용이 일반화 되고 있다. 햅틱장치란 가상환경이나 원거리에 있는 환경과 사용자가 상호 작용할 때 사용자에게 촉감이나 힘의 정보를 전달하여 주는 장치로 진동 및 회동 저항에 의해 사용자로 하여금 촉감들 느낄 수 있도록 하는 장치를 뜻한다. 즉, 현실감을 전달을 중점으로 하는 햅틱장치는 빠른 응답 속도와, 진동의 주파수와 크기는 독립적으로 제어가 가능해야 하며 기계적 수용기들을 직접적으로 자극할 수 있어야 한다. 하지만 모바일 햅틱장치의 경우 크기 및 소비전력의 문제로 모든 스펙을 만족하기에는 어려워 좀 더 한정적인 느낌을 제공할 수 없다. 현재까지 모바일 장치에서 햅틱 피드백을 위하여 진동모터나, 솔레노이드, 압전 액츄에이터 등이 많이 사용되어 지고 있다. 그 중 압전 액츄에이터는 입력에너지를 기계적 출력에너지로 변환되는 효과를 이용 한 것으로 압력 센서, 초음파 센서 등 많은 분야에서 응용되고 있으며 변위 범위는 작지만, 크기가 매우 작고 변위 정밀도가 높으며 발생력과 응답속도가 빠르다는 장점이 존재한다. 이를 이용한 햅틱 압전 엑츄에이터의 제작에 사용되는 압전 세라믹스는 높은 전기적 특성을 가질수록 더 졸은 효율을 가지며 이로 인하여 보다 좋은 전기적 특성을 가지는 압전 세라믹스를 필요로 한다. 현재 많이 사용되는 PZT계 세라믹스는 우수한 전기적 특성으로 많이 사용되고 있지만 Pb의 유독성으로 인한 환경문제로 Pb가 포함된 제품을 제한하고 있어 현재 Lead-free의 연구가 이루어지고 있다. Lead-free중 Ba$(Ti_{0.8}Zr_{0.2})O_3$(BZT)는 PZT계 세라믹스를 대체할 차세대 압전 재료로 주목받고 있다. 일반적으로 Lead-free의 압전계수($d_{33}$=100~300pC/N)는 비교적 낮은 값을 보이지만 BZT의 압전계수(BZT $d_{33}$~620pC/N)는 PZT계 세라믹스의 압전계수($d_{33}$=500~600pC/N)와 비교하여 부족하지 않은 압전계수를 보여주며 PZT를 대체할 재료로 주목받고 있다. 본 실험은 햅틱 압전 엑츄에이터용 무연 압전세라믹스의 제작을 위하여 Ba$(Ti_{0.8}Zr_{0.2})O_3-(Ba_{0.7}Ca_{0.3})-TiO_3$(BZT -BCT)의 조성으로 유전 및 압전 특성을 조사하였다.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.17 no.3 s.87
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• pp.393-400
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• 2005

Steel encased composite columns have been used for buildings and piers of bridges. Since the column section for the pier is relatively larger than that of building columns, economical steel ratio needs to be investigated for the required performance. Composite action between concrete and embedded steel sections can be obtained by bond and friction. However, the behavior of the column depends on the load introduction mechanism. Compression can be applied to concrete section, steel section and composite section. In this paper, experiments on shear strength of the steel encased composite column were performed to study the effect of confinement by transverse reinforcements, mechanical interlock by holes, and shear connectors. Bond strength obtained from the tests showed considerably higher value than the design value. Confinement, mechanical interlock and stud connectors Increased the shear strength and these values can be used effectively to obtain composite action of Steel Reinforced Concrete(SRC) columns.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 1993

Background: The development of the flexible fiberoptic broncoscope by Ikeda was an important technologic advance in the diagnosis and management of patients with pulmonary disease. But, cross contamination related to fiberoptic bronchoscope was reported in cases involving tubercle bacilli, MOTT and other agents. Therefore, cleaning and disinfecting of fiberoptic bronchoscope requires careful attention. Methods: From September 1991 to May 1992, medical records of all patients with positive culture for MOTT in bronchial washing specimens were reviewed. Also to evaluate bactericidal effect of 2% glutaraldehyde, culture was performed after inoculum of MOTT, Serratia marsescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the disinfectant solution. Results: In 2% alkaline glutaraldehyde, MOTT was not survived only after 30 minute exposure, but P. aeruginosa and S. marsescens were rapidly inactivated with no survivors after exposure to 2% glutaraldehyde. Since vigorous mechanical cleansing and more than 30 minute of contact time within washing machine, no more outbreak was observed. Conclusions: It is also very important that bronchoscopes must be meticulously cleaned after each procedure and more than 30 minute exposure would be required for eradication of MOTT with 2% glutaraldehyde. However even the most strictly applied infection control measures cannot exclude contamination completly and clinicians have to stay alert to this possibility. Prompt detection of pseudoepidemics is possible if abrupt increase in isolation rates, especially if they involve unusual or generally nonpathogenic organisms, are readily recognized.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.579-589
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• 2015

This study aims to understand the internal flow and the evaporation characteristics of a deionized water droplet subjected to vertical forced vibrations. To predict and evaluate its resonance frequency, the theories of Lamb, Strani, and Sabetta have been applied. To visualize the precise mode, shape, and internal flow inside a droplet, the experiment utilizes a combination of a high-speed camera, macro lens, and continuous laser. As a result, a water droplet on a hydrophobic surface has its typical shape at each mode, and complicated vortices are observed inside the droplet. In particular, large symmetrical flow streams are generated along the vertical axis at each mode, with a large circulating movement from the bottom to the top and then to the triple contact line along the droplet surface. In addition, a bifurcation-shaped flow pattern is formed at modes 2 and 4, whereas a large ellipsoid-shape flow pattern forms at modes 6 and 8. Mode 4 has the fastest internal flow speed and evaporation rate, followed by modes 8 then 6, with 2 having the slowest of these properties. Each mode has the fastest evaporation rate amongst its neighboring frequencies. Finally, the droplet evaporation under vertical vibration would lead to more rapid evaporation, particularly for mode 4.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1051-1057
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• 2010

This paper proposes a method that involves a combination of FDM and FEM for analyzing casting process. At present, many numerical analysis methods such as FDM, FEM, and BEM are used for solving engineering problems. For a given problem, a specific method that is suited to the problem is adopted; in general, FDM or FVM is favored for problems related to fluid flow or heat transfer, and FEM is adopted in stress analysis. However, there is an increasing need for using a combined method for complex and coupled phenomena analysis. Hence, we proposed a method in which FDM and FEM are coupled in three-dimensional space, and we applied this method to analyze casting process. In the proposed method, solidification and heat transfer was analyzed by using FDM. The field data such as temperature distribution were converted into a format suitable for FEM analysis that was used for calculating thermal stress distribution. Using the proposed method, we efficiently analyzed the analysis process from the viewpoints of work and time.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.163-168
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• 2015

In order to perform estimations with high reliability, it is necessary to deal with the tail part of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) in greater detail compared to an overall CDF. The use of a generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) to model the tail part of a CDF is receiving more research attention with the goal of performing estimations with high reliability. Current studies on GPDs focus on ways to determine the appropriate number of sample points and their parameters. However, even if a proper estimation is made, it can be inaccurate as a result of an incorrect threshold value. Therefore, in this paper, a GPD based on the Akaike information criterion (AIC) is proposed to improve the accuracy of the tail model. The proposed method determines an accurate threshold value using the AIC with the overall samples before estimating the GPD over the threshold. To validate the accuracy of the method, its reliability is compared with that obtained using a general GPD model with an empirical CDF.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.818-823
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of adding various concentrations of Lycil fructus powder on the quality characteristics of Jeolpyeon. The Lycil fructus powder was added to rice powder at ratios of 3, 6, 9 and l2%(w/w). The moisture contents of the Lycil fructus Jeolpyeon samples ranged from $46.3{\sim}48.9%$. For the color values the L-value decreased and the a-value and b-values incresaed with increasing amounts of Lycil fructus powder. In the textural analysis hardness was highest for the 3% Lycil fructus powder addition, however springiness and cohesiveness did not difference significantly by the addition levels. Finally the results of the sensory evaluation showed the Jeolpyeon containing 6% added with Lycil fructus powder was superior for overall preference, color, flavor, softness, chewiness and after-taste.

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.24-24
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• 2010

마찰교반접합법은 특정한 회전수로 회전하는 용접 툴을 이용하여 접합하고자 하는 피접합재의 맞댄면에 삽입시킨 후 툴을 이동시키거나 혹은 시편을 견고하게 고정시킨 장치(backing plate)가 움직여 고상 상태에서 접합이 이루어진다. 알루미늄, 마그네슘 등 비교적 융점이 낮은 저융점 재료의 재료에 처음 적용이 되어 많은 연구가 활발히 진행되었고 타 용접방법에 비해 우수한 접합특성을 나타내었다. 최근 이러한 마찰교반접합은 이러한 저융점 재료를 넘어서 스틸, 타이타늄, 니켈 등과 같은 고융점 재료 등에 대한 적용이 늘어나고 있다. 마찰교반접합을 이용하여 이러한 고융점 재료의 접합 경우 내마모성 및 내열성 등의 내구성이 갖추어진 툴과 이러한 툴을 냉각시킬 수 있는 냉각 장치 등이 필요로 하나 경제적 측면이나 접합부의 우수한 특성 등을 고려 할 때 그 적용 및 발전 가능성이 매우 높다고 볼 수 있다. 2상 스테인레스 강은 금속 조직적으로 페라이트와 오스테나이트 상이 거의 1:1의 동등한 비율로 매우 미세하게 결합된 구조를 가지고 있다. 또한 이상 스테인레스 강은 각상의 개개의 특성에 기인하여 염소 분위기에서 응력부식 저항성이 우수하고, 공식과 틈부식에 대한 저항성이 매우 뛰어나다. 그리고 이상 스테인레스 강은 비교적 고가인 Ni이 일반 오스테나이트 스테인리스 강의 약 1/2의 수준으로 적게 포함이 되어 경제적인 이점을 지니고 있으며 또한 용접성이 좋아 산업계의 수요는 현재 점차 증가하고 있는 상황이다. 하지만 이러한 이상 스테인리스 강은 용접 후 페라이트 상의 조대화, 그리고 페라이트 상의 분율이 오스테나이트 상의 분율보다 높아지게 되어 용접부에서의 저온 인성 감소 및 내식성 저하 등의 문제가 발생하게 된다. 그리하여 용접 시 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해서는 입열량의 조절이 가장 필요로 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 마찰교반용접을 이용하여 두께 3mm의 대표적인 이상 스테인리스 강인 SAF2205 스테인리스 강에 대해 맞대기 마찰교반접합을 실시하였다. 툴 회전속도를 변수로 하여 접합을 실시하였으며 접합 시 툴은 $Si_3N_4$ 툴을 사용하였다. 접합 후 외관상태 점검, 미세조직 관찰, 경도 및 인장강도 측정 등의 실험을 실시하였고, 이러한 결과를 이용하여 미세조직과 기계적 특성과의 관련성을 조사하였다.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.460-468
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• 2011

We evaluated the effect of adding mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM) (0, 10, 20, 30 or 50%) on quality characteristics of chicken sausage. Adding MDCM decreased the protein content of chicken sausage, but ash content increased significantly. Adding MDCM had no effect on pH and water holding capacity of sausage. Adding MDCM increased cooking loss, but did not affect the shear force value of the sausage. Adding MDCM decreased the L- (lightness) and b- (yellowness) values but increased the a- (redness) value of sausage. Adding MDCM decreased the hardness and cohesiveness values, but did not affect the springiness value of chicken sausage. Adding MDCM decreased the juiciness and hardness but increased the flavor and chewiness scores of chicken sausage. Regardless of the MDCM addition level, all chicken sausage contained low residual nitrite ion (<4 ppm). During the 10 d of storage at $4^{\circ}C$, adding MDCM did not affect total microbial count or TBA values of chicken sausage, but the VBN value of the sausage increased slightly. However, all storage characteristic values in the sausage were within the safety range. Adding MDCM (0, 10 or 20%) to chicken sausage resulted in a finely structured protein matrix under scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which indicated a good meat emulsion, but adding MDCM at more than 20% resulted in a very coarse protein matrix structure.