• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.225-239
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• 2014

An effect of reward program related to promotional activity has the limitation of being concentrated on a short-term performance or of inducing temporary re-purchase. Accordingly, this study verified the influence of reward method upon consumers' response recovery centering on interactive effects of reward timing and reward intensity, in order to expand a research of dissatisfaction situation. As for the objective of this study, first, the aim is to verify the difference in the influence of economic, non-economic, and combined rewards, which are reward methods of dissatisfaction situation, upon consumers' cognitive response recovery and emotional response recovery. Second, the aim is to confirm a moderating role of reward timing and reward intensity in the effect of consumers' response recovery according to reward methods. To design a research, the perfect factor design between subjects in 3X2X2 was used. As a result of major research, first, there was a difference in the influence upon consumers' response recovery depending on reward methods. Second, the influence of reward method upon consumers' response recovery had a difference depending on reward timing. Third, the influence of reward method upon consumers' response recovery had a difference depending on reward intensity. Consumers' response recovery level was confirmed to have the greatest influence in the combined reward. This study has a significance in newly applying the reward timing, in the dissatisfaction situation which is addressed in the general reward program. Through this study, the aim was to support the empirically analytical results of prior researches and to expand its role in several angles.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.17-48
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• 2017

This case study examined mathematics anxiety of a public high school sophomore who was unable to perform well in mathematics but later overcame his fear of mathematics. In this study, he showed high levels of mathematics anxiety in the assessment tools that evaluate mathematical anxiety factors. Cognitive and behavior treatments were carried out to alleviate his anxiety. First, cognitive treatments that were implemented include: understanding his own problems, writing down his thoughts on a record sheet, and changing intermediate and core beliefs. This paper explored cognitive and affective changes and reactions during the treatment process. Second, behavioral treatments that were conducted include: the divided-page method and peer tutoring. The divided-page technique involves the test subject to write down and solve his problems on a note to see what kind of cognitive and affective changes occur during the process. This paper also explored how Su-chul, an overly competitive student, changed and reacted cognitively and affectively through peer tutoring. The results revealed that Su-chul's exam anxiety, as well as other factors, has decreased. Moreover, he regained his self-confidence by solving math problems that he had felt difficult. His competitive attitude also has turned into a cooperative and thoughtful one.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.205-228
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• 2022

This study aimed to confirm the effect of social and relational behavior types of robots on human cognition in human-robot interaction. In the experiment, the participants evaluated trust in robots by watching a video on the robot Nao interacting with a human, in which the robot made an error and then made an effort to restore trust. The trust recovery behavior was set as three conditions: an internal attribution in which the robot acknowledges and apologizes for an error, a condition in which the robot apologizes for an error but attributes it externally, and a non-action condition in which the robot denies the error itself and does not take any action for the error. As the result, in all three cases, the error was perceived as less serious when the robot apologized than when it did not, and the ability of the robot was also highly evaluated. These results provide evidence that human attitudes towards robots can respond sensitively depending on the robot's behavior and how they overcome errors, suggesting that human perception towards robots can change. In particular, the fact that robots are more trustworthy when they acknowledge and apologize for their own errors shows that robots can promote positive human-robot interactions through human-like social and polite behavior.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.327-335
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate conception of children's hospitalization stress and to make clear concepts, and to use Walker & Avant's concept analysis method. Children's hospitalization stress attributes were derived from physiological changes, individual-environmental interactions, cognitive and psychosocial developmental stage responses, and intrinsic and outward changes due to coping styles. The prerequisites for hospitalization stress of children were disease severity, biological factors, and support system, and the results were hospitalization adaptation, disease and health recovery, improvement of child development, and acquisition of coping skills. In order to solve the prerequisites for Hospitalization stress of children, it is necessary to be aware of the disease and to establish a support system of parent-family. Afterwards, we suggest more qualitative research on the hospitalization stress of children, the development of tools that reflect the characteristics of the hospitalization stress of children, and the development of programs to solve the Hospitalization stress.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2006

의사는 인간의 생명을 구하는 권한이 있으니까 마치 생명을 죽이는 권한도 포함된 것 같은 생각에 그야말로 막강한 권한을 가진 것 같이 보인다. 오늘의 한국에서는 과거와 달리 의사의 사회적 위상에 많이 떨어져 있지만 아직도 미국이나 독일 같은 선진 사회에서 의사의 위상은 준신에 가깝게 높고 그의 말과 판단이라면 비록 건강에 관한 이슈뿐만 아니라 삶에 대한 지혜로도 존중되고 수용된다. 의사의 사회적 위상이 높아진 것은 의학이라는 특수한 학문과 이와 연결된 의술의 그동안의 엄청난 발달과 무관하지 않다. 역사적으로 보면 고대 희랍시대부터 의학은 인간의 질병을 고치고 생명을 건강하게 보존하는 특별한 지식 그리고 이 지식을 기반으로 응용되는 치료기법으로 기예 (techne)라는 존칭으로 불리었다. 즉, 건강의 회복이라는 실질적인 목적을 가진 지식과 테크닉을 합친 이른바 귀중한 실천 (praxis)이다. 의학에 대한 낙관적인 전망은 시대와 문화가 바뀌면서 또한 의학 자체가 좀 더 발달하면서 도전을 받는다. 20세기에 들어서서 인간의 생명을 위협하고 또 고통을 주는 질병의 종류와 양상이 변하고, 의 과학이 앞으로 인류의 병들을 퇴치시킬 수 있다는 기대에 차질이 생기게 되었다. 미국 같은 선진국에서는 일찍이 1960년도 말부터 의학교과목 개혁의 일환으로 인문학의 과목들을 같이 가르치기 시작했다. 대표적인 과목들이 윤리학, 철학, 역사, 문학 등이다. 인문학의 보강은 의학과 기술과 인간성의 연결을 위해 의사들이 쓸 수 있는 인지적 도구 (cognitive tools)를 갖추게 하는 목적에서이다. 인문학의 도입으로 의사들이 인간의 삶을 좀 더 깊게 이해하고 풍부한 인간성으로 지식과 기술을 환자에게 적용할 수 있기 위해 각자의 마음과 머리 속에 포용통합능력을 발달시키자는 데 있다. 즉 의사들의 의식과 자유로운 상상력이 확장되면서 새로운 정체성을 갖게 되는 것을 바라는 것이다. 선진국의 의학교육에서 이 같은 교육이 좋은 의사를 만든다는 신념을 굳혀가고 있다. 성과를 증명하는 연구결과가 없어 아직도 회의적인 반응도 있으나 이와 같은 교육이 윤리적 상황에 대한 예민도를 높이는 것은 확실하다. 연세대학교 의과대학은 기독교 이념이 기본 교육철학이다. 인간성을 강조하고 의사들이 자신의 인간성을 개발 강화하는 교육이 하나님의 사랑을 의사 지신의 인간성과 그의 인간애로 내재화 시킬 수 있다면 그리스도의 정신을 의학과 의술에 연결시키는 고귀한 목적을 이룰 수 있는 길이라고 생각한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Cognitive Science Conference
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• 2006.06a
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• pp.29-32
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• 2006

이 연구에서는 표적과 방해자극을 분리시킬 때 관찰되는 간섭 감소가 반구내 및 반구간 조건에서 달리 나타난다는 것을 보여주기 위해 세 개의 실험을 실시하였다. 세 실험의 과제는 모두 색깔이 있는 원과 사각형이 주어지고 항상 검은색으로 제시되는 색 이름 단어가 주어진 상황에서 원의 색은 무시하고 사각형의 색과 단어가 의미하는 색이 같은지, 다른지를 판단하는 것이었다. 사각형의 색이 단어가 의미하는 색과 일치할 때 방해자극인 원의 색도 단어가 의미하는 색과 일치하는지 여부에 따라 방해자극의 세 조건(일치, 불일치, 중립)이 만들어졌다. 또한, 방해자극인 원이 표적 가운데 하나인 단어와 같은 시각장에 제시되는지, 혹은 반대편 시각장에 따로 제시되는지에 따라 반구 간섭조건(반구내 간섭, 반구간 간섭)이 만들어졌다 간섭효과는 불일치 조건과 중립 조건간의 차이로 측정하였다. 실험 1의 결과는 정확률과 반응시간 모두에서 반구내 간섭이 반구간 간섭보다 유의미하게 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 실험 2에서는 방해자극인 원을 선제시하였는데 그 결과 반구내 간섭이 특히 크게 감소하여 반구내 간섭과 반구간 간섭이 차이를 보이지 않게 되었다. 그러나 표적자극인 사각형을 선제시한 실험 3에서는 반구내 간섭이 여전히 반구간 간섭보다 유의미하게 큰 것으로 나타났다. 세 실험의 결과를 종합하면 방해자극의 간섭 효과는 방해자극을 표적과 다른 반구로 분리 제시하거나, 선제시 같은 방법으로 방해자극을 표적과 분리시킬 때 유의미하게 감소하였다. 그러나 애초부터 방해자극을 표적과 다른 반구로 분리 제시하였던 반구간 간섭조건에서는 방해자극의 선제시가 간섭 감소를 가져오지 않았다. 지질의 산패를 가속화시킨 결과라고 생각된다. 따라서 호박 라면 제조시 이러한 공기와의 접촉을 차단시킬 수 있는 포장재료를 선택해야 될 것으로 사료된다.0.05), 맛, 연도, 다즙성 및 전체적인 기호성은 유의한 차이가 없었다.자체를 악하다고 볼 수 없고 더구나 구원을 이 세상에서의 이탈로 볼 수 없다. 진정한 구원이란 원래 하나님이 보시기에 아름다웠던 그 세상으로의 회복을 포함한다. 이런 면에서 하나님 주권 신앙 하에서 구원이란 전 인격적인 구원, 전 우주적인 구원이 된다. 그렇기 때문에 성도는 세상의 삶과 학문, 예술, 정치, 경제, 사회를 포함한 모든 분야를 하나님의 뜻 가운데서 그 원래의 목적에 부합할 수 있도록 회복시키는 일에 적극 참여해야 한다.자체가 이를 주도하기는 사실 어려움이 있다. 그리고 대형유통점이 영업행위를 영업시간제한에서부터 출점제한에 이르기까지 규제하는 건은 심사숙고하여야 한다. 대형유통점이 국가경제 및 지역사회에 미치는 영향이 부정적인가 긍정적인가에 대해 국내외 학계와 업계에서 여전히 많은 논란이 있기 때문이다. 정부와 지자체에 의한 시장개입은 반드시 필요한 경우에 한해 합당한 방법에 의해 이루어져야 한다. 대형유통점에 대한 규제는 지역사회에 미치는 영향을 다면적으로 평가한 결과에 근거하여 이루어져야 할 것이다. 대부분의 지자체는 체계적인 평가시스템과 객관적인 통계 자료를 갖고 있지 못한 실정이다. 향후 가장 시급한 과제는 시장개방 이후 지난 10년간 대형유통점이 지역사회에 미친 영향에 관한 광범위한 통계자료를 수집하고 이를 체계적으로 분석하여 정책방향을 올바르게 설정하는 것이라 할 수 있다.i와 K. pneumonia

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.3-34
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• 2013

This research, which was experimented by dividing tangible and intangible products, established the influence that affects recovery for consumers' complaint behavior and behavioral intention as per each different compensation program. In Experiment 1, the consumers, who experienced complaint behavior owing to company's mistake, have preferably recovered through the compensation program offered by the company. However, there was a significant difference in preference recovery between products that caused complaint behavior. According to the study result, the more clear preference recovery was shown in the case of purchasing laptop than the case of dining in family restaurant. Additionally, the consumers' emotion recovery was possible through compensation.; There was a emotion recovery disparity depending on product type between purchasing laptop case and dining in family restaurant case. The consumers, who experienced complaints, were only able to recover their preference, emotion, and behavioral intention through compensation of which recovery was greater in tangible product case than ordinary service. Meanwhile, there was no distinct difference between recovery compensation types even though the products were identical-type ones whereas it appeared that such tangible product which showed greater purchasing effort as laptop computer was more effective in stimulating emotion response. In Experiment 2, the purpose was to find out the difference between complaint behavior and its recovery process shown after purchase by Korean and Japanese college students, who have different consumer purchasing habits. The both consumers of the two countries, who experienced complaint behavior, demonstrated precise difference in preference recovery while the emotion and behavioral intention exhibited no disparity between the two consumer groups. In this experiment, it was learned that Korean college students were show-off purchase type consumers while on the other hand, the Japanese college students were famous product purchase type consumers. Thus, there was a clear difference in laptop computer purchase process and post-purchase evaluation between these two groups. In particular, the Korean college students had quicker preference recovery through compensation than the Japanese college students on account of their tendency to be consciousness of others. Nevertheless, there was no difference between the emotion recovery and re-purchase recovery and therefore, the compensation program for complaints was proven to affect the emotion and behavioral intention.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.11-22
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• 2002

This study investigated the effects of mild mental imagery inducing pleasantness or unpleasantness and cognitive mental arithmetic task on skin conductance level. Subjects were f undergraduates(male 5, female 4). They were given the list of the words and asked to write down the liked objects and the disliked ones freely associated with these words. Among these objects the most-liked one and the most disliked one were selected as the self-induced mental imageries. Data-collection procedures were as follows ; first baseline, pleasant imagery, 2nd baseline, unpleasant imagery, finally 3rd baseline, and mental arithmetic task subtracting continuously 7 from the number 500. During these trials, the SCLs were recorded every 10 seconds. The results indicated that there were nonsignificant differences between the 3 trial-baselines ot each condition. This suggested that unlike the procedures used in the previous studies, our procedures would give the stability of the baseline level necessary for the comparison of the effects of several stimuli. Also, the level of skin conductance in mental arithmetic condition was significantly higher than that of the emotional mental imagery. This suggested the possibility that mental arithmetic task would gave rise to the higher physiological arousal in comparison to mental imageries. Overall, it was suggested that the procedures and the stimulus presentation methods used in this preliminary study could be useful for the data-collection techniques for The future study. Implications for the future study were presented.

• 한국노년학
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.659-689
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• 2020

This study focuses on the process of internalizing the perception of negative discrimination among elderly people who have experienced age discrimination. The grounded theory method was used to identify the age discrimination experienced by the elderly in their daily lives and to explore the consequences of such discrimination through self-ageism. According to the analysis results, the elderly respond not only to explicit discrimination but also to implicit discrimination. In this process, the stronger the pain of old age (poverty, disease, ignorance, and solitude) and the stronger the memory of failing to respond to discrimination, the higher the level of self-ageism. "Self-ageism" has internalized the negative image of the elderly, who have been discriminated against by age, resulting in disadvantages in terms of quality of life through various reject/separate/suspension actions in reality. In the presence of supportive resources such as health, institutional support, and caregivers, the elderly have room to overcome self-ageism through more active ways. However elderly people who cannot motivate themselves and they lack these resources, elderly are trapped in negative reflux caused by self-ageism and sustained a depressed and shrinking life. In this state, it is not easy to motivate themselves and make physical, cognitive, emotional and social responses. Therefore, in this analysis, we specifically noted two aspects, contextual conditions and interventional conditions, and proposed programs for synchronizing senior citizens and improving resiliency from a microscopic point of view, and argued for the need to develop systems such as supplementing welfare and health service systems related to the entire life cycle, expanding accessibility and 'age-integration' through 'Community Care', awareness improvement and anti-discrimination laws.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.379-392
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• 2019

The current study investigated the effect of Gabjubaekmok (Diospyros kaki) ethanolic extract (GEE) on $H_2O_2$-induced human neuroblastoma MC-IXC cells and amyloid beta $(A{\beta})_{1-42}$-induced ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice. GEE showed significant antioxidant activity that was evaluated based on ABTS, DPPH scavenging activity, and inhibition of malondialdehyde (MDA) and acetylcholinesterase activity. Further, GEE inhibited ROS production and increased cell viability in $H_2O_2$-induced MC-IXC cells. Administration of GEE ameliorated the cognitive dysfunction on $A{\beta}$-induced ICR mice as evaluated using Y-maze, passive avoidance, and Morris water maze tests. Results of ex vivo test using brain tissues showed that, GEE protected the cholinergic system and mitochondrial functions by increasing the levels of antioxidants such as ROS, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) against $A{\beta}$-induced cognitive dysfunction. Moreover, GEE decreasd the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins such as $TNF-{\alpha}$, p-JNK, p-tau, BAX and caspase 3. While, expression levels of p-Akt and $p-GSK3{\beta}$ increased than $A{\beta}$ group. Finally, gallic acid was identified as the main compound of GEE using high performance liquid chromatography.