• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.101-108
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• 2015

Objectives : Positive effects of Ginseng has great research attentions such as anticancer, anti-diabetic, antiaging, liver, immune function, CNS, etc. In this study, we investigated Hydroponic-cultured Ginseng Folium fermented byBacillus subtilisto establish fermentation conditions for enhancing functionality.Methods : Ginseng Folium were cultivated hydroponic-cultured and were extracted with methanol. We inoculateBacillus subtilisfor fermentation by adding to 0%, 3% and 5% sugar respectively and checked antioxidant activities, total phenolic content and total saponin content in 2 days intervals during 11 days. The antioxidant activities were studied by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl(DPPH) radical, 2, 2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid) diammonium salt(ABTS) radical scavenging assay and Reducing power assay. We analyzed the Total phenol content, crude saponin content and ginsenoside content. Moreever, Hepatoprotective effects by Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) and Glutamic pyruvic transaminase(GPT) in Sprague-Dawley rat.Results : The results of DPPH and ABTS were 66.89% and 96.72%, respectively. The reducing power was resulted in optical density of 0.7312 with 3% sugar after 9 days of fermentation. and the concentration at 200 ㎍/㎖. Total phenol content was 36.92㎎/g with 3% sugar after 9 days of fermentation, in which crude saponin content wasn't changed, and ginsenoside content such as Rg3, Re and Rb was increased. Activities of GOT and GPT concentration were decreased in rat.Conclusions : This study suggests that hydroponic-cultured Ginseng Folium fermented byBacillus subtilisin 9 days showed significant efficacy of hepato-protection as well as antioxidant compared to the others. In addition, it shows not only improved value but also utilized hydroponic-cultured Ginseng Folium by fermentation.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 2013

This study was carried to establish a simple isolation and purification method of ginsenoside $F_1$ from leaves of Panax ginseng and was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of purified ginsenoside $F_1$ on the activities of elastase and tyrosinase. The content of ginsenoside $F_1$ was 90-fold higher in leaves than in root of ginseng. Ginsenoside $F_1$ was isolated from EtOAc fraction between EtOAc and alkalized water of 80% EtOH extract after remove of hydrophobic components. The 50% inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$) of ginsenoside $F_1$ on elastase activity and tyrosinase activity was 1.07 mM and 1.81 mM, respectively. Especially, inhibitory effect of ginsenoside $F_1$ on tyrosinase activity was higher than that of arbutin ($IC_{50}$; 2.20 mM). These results indicate that ginsenoside $F_1$ have a potential for industrial cosmetic materials.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.398-404
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• 2014

Salt stress is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting the yield of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). The objective of this study was to identify bio-marker, which is early responsive in salt stress in ginseng, using proteomics approach. Ginseng plants were exposed to 5 ds/m salt concentration and samples were harvested at 0, 6, 12 and 18 hours after exposure. Total proteins were extracted from ginseng leaves treated with salt stress using Mg/NP-40 buffer and were separated on high resolution 2-DE. Approximately $1003{\pm}240$ (0 h), $992{\pm}166$ (6 h), $1051{\pm}51$ (12 h) and $990{\pm}160$ (18 h) spots were detected in colloidal CBB stained 2D maps. Among these, 8 spots were differentially expressed and were identified by using MALDI-TOF/TOF MS or/and LC-MS/MS. Ethylene response sensor-1 (spot GL 1), nucleotide binding protein (spot GL 2), carbonic anhydrase-1 (spot GL 3), thylakoid lumenal 17.9 kDa protein (spot GL 4) and Chlorophyll a/b binding protein (spot GL 5, GL 6) were up-regulated at the 12 and 18 hour, while RuBisCO activase B (spot GL 7) and DNA helicase (spot GL 8) were down-regulated. Thus, we suggest that these proteins might participate in the early response to salt stress in ginseng leaves.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.333-339
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality properties of muffin added with different concentration (0, 1, 3, and 5%) of ginseng leaves powder, which is discarded in the process of ginseng. Density of muffin was the highest at 1.45 g/mL in control, and pH (7.41) was at the highest level as well. There was no tendency at the bottom and upper dimensions according to addition of ginseng leaf powder. The height and baking loss rate of the muffins increased with increase in the powder concentration, but there were no significant differences. The weight of muffins did not show constant tendency, according to addition ratio of ginseng leaves powder. The degree of lightness and yellowness of muffin decreased as the concentration of the powder increased, whereas no significant difference in the redness was found with increased powder concentration. The factors of hardness and chewiness were higher at the control group and cohesiveness was the highest at 0.65 in 3% group, but springiness and gumminess did notshow significant differences. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of muffins was significantly increased with increasing ginseng leaves powder (p<0.05). For the sensory evaluation in 1% group, the intensity of color, smell, taste, softness, and moistness was the lowest, whereas the overall acceptability score of color, smell, taste, chewiness, and moistness was the highest. Thesensory properties of muffin linearly decreased as the concentration of ginseng leaves powder increased. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that ginseng leaf powder is a good ingredient for increasing the consumer acceptability and functionality of cookies.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.08a
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• pp.103-103
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• 2020

눈개승마 (Aruncus dioicus)는 장미과(Rosaceae) 눈개승마속(Aruncus)에 속하는 다년생 초본식물로 울릉도에서 자생하는 잎줄기 채소이다. 독특한 향기가 특징이며, 인삼맛, 두릅맛, 고기맛이 나는 산채로 세가지 맛이 난다고 하여 예로부터 삼나물로도 불러왔다. 눈개승마에는 caffeic acid, 1-O-Caffeoyl-β-D-glucopyranose 등의 항산화 성분이 다량 함유되어 있으며, 전초는 해독, 편도선염에 효과가 있어 약용으로 쓰이고 어린순은 탄수화물과 무기물 함량이 풍부하다. 비지는 대두를 이용하여 두부를 제조하는 과정에서 발생되는 것으로서 대두로부터 수용성 단백질이 추출되었지만 나머지 약 23%의 단백질, 57%의 식이섬유와 이소플라본 등의 유용한 성분을 다량 포함하고 있다. 또한 비지의 단백질은 다른 식품에는 부족한 황 함유 아미노산과 리신의 함량이 비교적 많고, 두부에 거의 없는 식이섬유가 다량 함유된 고 식이섬유 소재이다. 그리하여, 이러한 콩비지를 고부가가치 식품 소재로 활용하기 위해 건조 미세분말 비지를 제조하고, 이를 산채와의 혼합 가공을 통한 기능증진 효과를 연구하였다. 일반적으로 산채는 쓴맛 제거와 보관성 증진을 위해 데침공정을 주로 하나 산채를 물에 데칠 경우 산채의 유용성분이 대부분 손실된다. 눈개승마의 경우 유용성분이 17.25%, 그 중 폴리페놀 성분이 약 90% 손실된다. 본 연구에서는 기존의 데침공정 대신 찜공정을 이용하여 산채의 유용성분을 보존하고 콩비지를 첨가하여 산채 유용성분의 생이용성 증진 효과를 연구하였다. 눈개승마를 콩비지와 혼합하여 고온고압 가공함으로써 산채의 쓴맛을 줄이고 보관성을 높이는 동시에 눈개승마 폴리페놀의 단량체화를 통해 눈개승마 단독가공에 비하여, 단량체 비율이 약 100~200배 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 콩비지의 고부가가치 소재로의 가능성을 확인하였을 뿐만 아니라 산채의 다이어트·건강기능식품 소재로의 산업화에도 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.22-32
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted to obtain information for the cultivation of Korean valerian(Valeriana lauriei var. dasycarpa Hara) which will be useful for medicinal and aromatic resources. The effect of different temperature conditions, light intensities and soil water conditions on growth, yield and component of essential oil of V. fauriei were measured at the Dankook University, Cheonan, and a study on the shading treatment was at Umsung, Chungchongbukdo, and Jinbu, Kangwondo, in 1995. V. laudei was planted at five different temperature conditions, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 3$0^{\circ}C$, eight light intensity conditions, 1, 000, 2, 500, 5, 000, 20, 000, 30, 000, 40, 000, 50, 000 and 60, 000lux, six soil water contents, 30, 45, 55, 70, 80 and 90％ of the saturated soil, during growth stage. Shading treatment was three conditions, 0, 25 and 50％, during the daytime in field conditions. Photosynthesis had a highly significant relationship with temperature conditions in a quadratic regression model, from which the temperature for the plant growth was estimated to be 17.7$^{\circ}C$. A highly significant quadratic regression was noted between temperature and leaf width or root weight of V. fauriei. It was estimated from the regression equation that the optimum temperature for root growth was 20.3$^{\circ}C$. The content of essential oil and extract rate of root was the highest in the 15~2$0^{\circ}C$. Photosynthesis also was significantly affected by light intensity in a quadratic regression model, from which the optimum light intensity for the growth was estimated to be 40, 000lux. Root yield was more produced in Jinbu than that of in Umsung. The root yield was increased by the shading treatment in Umsung, whereas it was decreased by the shading treatment in Jinbu. The content of essential oil was not affected by the shading treatment of plants during the cultivation, while the compositions of components of essential oil were related to the growing locations. As soil water content was higher, the growth and content of root extract were increased. The optimum soil moisture for the growth of V. fauriei was 80~90％ of the saturated soil. In summary, the results indicated that the growth, yield and component of essential oil in V. fauriei were affected by environmental factors as well as soil moisture.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.49-53
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• 1979

Effects of temperature and light intensity on photosynthesis, respiration and chlorophyll content of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) were as follow. 1. Optimum light intensity for apparent photosynthesis at $25^{\circ}C$ was 25Klux($1.35mgCO_2/dm^2{\cdot}hr$) for two years old ginseng grown in pot and 30Klux($1.94mgCO_2/dm^2{\cdot}hr$) for the six years old palmate cut leaves. Optimum temperature at 25Klux was $15^{\circ}C$ ($1.40mgCO_2$) for the 2 years old and 20 to $22^{\circ}C$ ($2.03mgCO_2$) for the 6 years old. 2. Dark respiration increased almost linearly with the increase of air temperature till $25^{\circ}C$ (2.6times between $16^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$ for the 6 years old and 1.8 times between $15^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$ for the 2 years old). Dark respiration was 11.1 % of net photosynthesis at $16^{\circ}C$, 17.8% at $25^{\circ}C$ for the 6 years old and 40% at $15^{\circ}C$, 64.7% at $25^{\circ}C$ for 2 years old. 3. Stomata appeared only in abaxial surface (lower epidermis) and stomatal frequency was $37per\;mm^2$. 4. Above results together with other informations quoted here strongly suggest that air temperature is much better criteria than light intensity for the improvement of shading roof material and shading construction. That is to promise maximum light intensity unless air temperature is above $25^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.331-335
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of deep sea water on fruit quality and yield of tomato. In the deep sea water treatments, fruit growth and weight were decreased as the concentration of deep sea water increased. Especially, the fresh weight of second truss was decreased significantly than first truss. Soluble solid content was increased significantly in higher concentration treatment especially at 30mM and 40mM treatment. That was increased more in the first than in the second truss fruits. Most of hexose in fruits were glucose and fructose. The reason of increased glucose and fructose contents was the decline of growth because of salinity stress by deep sea water treatment. however deep sea water treatment increased the lycopene content, especially in 20mM treatment. It is assumed that deep sea water treatment cause induction and promotion of ethylene. The higher concentration of deep sea water to the solution, the eater fruit quality improvement was noticed. However, proportional yield reduction accompanied concentration, 20mM deep sea water improved fruit quality without a significant yield reduction. The Re content was the highest among ginsenosides in all treatments. The contents total of ginsenosides in all treatments, except EC 8 treatment, was higher than those in the controlled treatment. The PT/PD value was 1.31 of the lowest in the EC 8 treatment and was 2.52 of the highest in the EC6 treatment. Rf contents in high increase was detected at all treated ginseng roots.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.37-44
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• 1979

Korea has produced large quantities of Panax Ginseng roots which have a stimulating effect on the metabolisma of protein, lipid and nucleic acids in the body. Authors believe that the lear and trunk of Panax Ginseng might have some components possessing a similar activity to Panax Ginseng root although the quantity and quality of the functional components may be somewhat different. Therefore, this study was designed to observe the nutritional effects of diet supplemented with the leaves or trunks of Panax Ginseng. Weanling(body weight; $82{\pm}3g$) male albino rats were subjected to six different dietary groups as followings; A groups; dietary groups which were treated with steam for 30 min at $115^{\circ}C}$. B Groups; dietary groups which were not treated with steam. A-C (or B-C) dietary group; Control for A groups(or B groups) containing 99% wheat flour. A-1 (or B-1) dietary group; dietary group supplemented with 2% leaf of Panax Ginseng, which replaced 2% wheat flour of control diet. A-2 (or B-2) dietary group; dietary group supplemented with 2% trunk of Panax Ginseng, which replaced 2% wheat flour or control diet. Each group of rats was maintained with the corresponding diet for 40 days. And then they were sacrificed. The growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, and the contents of lipid and cholesterol in organs were determined. The results obtained are summarized as follows;1) The gained body weights of dietary group supplemented with 2% leaf(A-1 and B-1) or 2% trunk(A-2 and B-2) of panax Ginseng were more increased in comparison to the corresponding control group(A-C and B-C). 2) The gained body weight of each group in A-group(A-C, A-I and A-2) was higher than that or each corresponding dietary group in B-group(B-C, B-1 and B-2). 3) The protein efficiency ratios of A-1 and A-2 dietary group, and B-1 and B-2 dietary group were more improved in comparison to the corresponding control group(A-C and B­C). 4) The lipid contents in the liver of A-1 and B-1 dietary groups were lower than in that of A-C and. B-C dietary group, respectively. According to the above results, it could be suggested that the nutritional value of the wheat flour can be improved by supplement of 2% leaf or 2% trunk of Panax Ginseng.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.3-7
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• 2009

Background and Objectives : Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer is a medical plant that has been widely utilized as a tonic and nutritional agent since ancient times in Korea. Ginseng has anti-metastatic property of cancer and immunomodulating activity. The novel acidic polysaccharide compound(MB40) was isolated from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. To determine immunomodulating activities of MB40, we evaluate anti-cancer and anti-metastatic effects of MB40 in tumor bearing immune competent mice. Material and Methods : C3H mice were divided into three equal groups(Cisplatin treatment group, MB40 treat-ment group, Cisplatin and MB40 treatment group) and were transplanted SCC(Squamous Cell Carcinoma) cells(2${\times}$106) to the lateral side of abdomen. From day 4 after transplantation, MB40 was administrated at dose of 10mg/kg, respectively, every other day by intratumoral injection. Cisplatin was systemically administrated at doses of 1mg/kg, respectively, every week by intraperitoneal injection. Results : 5 days after administration, tumors can be palpated in every mice group. After 13 days of administration, the mice group to which MB40 were administrated exhibited reduction in tumor size respectively, compared to cisplatin group. Overall status of mice such as body weight and activity were superior in MB40 group than cisplatin group. Conclusion : The result of this study indicates MB40 may have significant therapeutic effect and decreases complications induced by systemic chemotheraphy. MB40 may be developed as a novel and potent immunotropics to improve the cell immune system and anti-cancer drug for the treatment of cancer patients in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.