• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.679-686
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• 2014

This study was carried out to evaluate the quality characteristics of cookies added with various concentrations (0, 1, 3 and 5%) of ginseng leaf powder. The pH of the cookies significantly decreased with increased ginseng leaf powder concentrations (p<0.05), but the density of cookies showed no significant differences. Spread factor, loss rate, and leaving rate of cookies decreased according to the amount of added ginseng leaf powder. The lightness and yellowness of cookies decreased as the concentration of the ginseng leaf powder increased whereas no significant difference in the redness was found with increased ginseng leaf concentration. In the texture analysis, the hardness of the cookies increased according to the concentration of ginseng leaf. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the cookies significantly increased with increased ginseng leaf concentration (p<0.05). In the sensory evaluation, sensory scores for color, taste and overall acceptability were highest in the 3% ginseng leaf cookies. Thus, our results suggested that the optimum amount of ginseng leaf powder to add to cookies was 3%.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.157-164
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• 1985

Some interactions in various soil conditions, numbers of microbial populations, root rot disease development and rates of spore germiation in three different location of soils were investigated. The calcium and magnesium contents were higher in replanted fields of ginseng (Panax ginseng) at Goesan. Potassium contents were high in replanted field at Poonggi and textural class of the soils was silt loam except for silt clay loam in first cultured field of ginseng at Goesan. For the germination process of Fusarium solani, F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, and Alternaria panax, the percentage germination of fungal spores was high in double distilled water and Pfeffer's solution as media, whereas the lower rate of germination of spores was observed in soil extracts. Numbers of bacteria were high in replanted field soil at Gumsan, and propagules of fungi in replanted fields at Gumsan and Poonggi were higher than other soils, but higher numbers of actinomycetes were found in the first cultured field of ginseng at Goesan and Poonggi. Fungistasis was induced by higher microbial populations present in soil that was initiated when amended with garlic stalk, crushed bean and ginseng leaves. On the other hand, there was no fungistasis in soil amended with wheat and barley straw, and this tendency was a little difference on the soil sample.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.122-129
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary Panax ginseng Leaves, (PGL), Dioscorea japonica Hulls(DJH) and Oriental Medicine Refuse(OMR) on meat quality and physico-chemical properties in meat sample of Korean Native Chicken(KNC). KNC were randomly assigned to one of the 4 dietary treatment : 1) control(commercial feed), 2) PGL(commercial feed supplemented with 5% Panax ginseng leaves) 3) DJH(commercial feed with 5% Dioscorea japonica hulls) 4) OMR (commercial feed with 5% oriental medicine refuse). They were feed one of the experimental diets for 12 weeks and slaughtered. 160 KNC raised for 20 weeks. In the proximate composition, moisture, crude protein and crude ash was no significantly difference. But fat content were tended to high in control. The heating loss of control, PGL, DJH and OMR were 28.44%, 30.44%, 28.83% and 25.71% and control, PGL, and DJH were higher compared with that of OMR. The WHC(whiter holding capacity) was contrary to heating loss. The shear value and pH did not show any difference among the treatment groups. There were no significantly different in meat color(L*, a*,　b*) between control and treatment groups (L*=63.20∼70.67, a*=2.20∼4.15, b*=2.70∼6.01). In sensory evaluation, juiciness, tenderness and flavor were not detected to panelist. Among fatty acid, oleic acid of DJH and OMR were higher than that of control and PGL(p<0.05). Also, saturated fatty acid/unsaturated fatty acid of control, PGL, DJH and OMR were 1.58, 1.58, 1.64 and 1.67, respectively. DJH and OMR groups was higher than control and PGL groups(p<0.05). Total amino acid contents was control>OMR>DJH>PGL. Major amino acid of KNC was comprised to glutamic acid, lysine, aspartic acid, leucine and arginine.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 2018

Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) has been widely explored for its medicinal applications. However, most of the studies had targeted the green tea leaf, while other parts remained unexplored. In this study, protective effect of green tea root extract on Normal Human Epidermal Keratinocytes (NHEKs) against the damage induced by an external stimulant (PM2.5) was confirmed. Thirty-year-old green tea root samples were collected from Amorepacific's Dolsongi tea field and green tea root extract was prepared with 70% ethanol. Total crude saponin content in green tea root extract was 54%, which is much higher than that in ginseng extract. Our results suggest that green tea root extract can be used as a natural surfactant in cosmetics. For evaluating its protective effect against the damage induced by PM2.5, IL-36G was used as a biomarker. IL-36G mRNA expression level increased remarkable upon PM2.5 treatment in NHEKs. Moreover, IL-36G was recently reported to be expressed in psoriasis lesions. Results showed significant decrease of IL-36G expression by treatment of green tea root extract. In conclusion, thirty-year-old green tea root extract can be used as a natural surfactant with a high saponin content and may have protective effect against the damage induced by PM2.5.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.129-142
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• 2022

Ginseng sprouts, which can be eaten from leaves to roots, has the advantage of not having to use pesticides without being affected by the season by using smart farms. The optimal cultivation timing of sprout ginseng was checked and the nutritional content and antioxidant activity were compared and analyzed. The values of total fatty acids and total minerals were no significant changes during the growth periods. The contents of total amino acids were slightly decreased to 45 days and after increased to 65 days. When the growth period was 65 days, arginine had the highest content of 3309.11 mg/100 g. The total phenolic contents were high at 3.73 GAE mg/g on the 45 days, and the total flavonoid contents were also the highest at 9.04 RE mg/g on the 45 days. The contents of total ginsenoside was not noticeable for the growth periods (29.83 on 25 days→32.77 on 45 days→26.02 mg/g on 65 days). The ginsenoside Rg2 (0.62 mg/g), Re (8.69 mg/g), Rb1 (4.75 mg/g) and Rd (3.47 mg/g) had highest contents on 45 days during growth. The values of phenolic acids and flavonols were gradually increased to 45 days (338.6 and 1277.14 ㎍/g) and then decreased to 65 days. The major compounds of phenolic acids and flavonols were confirmed to benzoic acid (99.03-142.33 ㎍/g) and epigallocatechin (416.03-554.64 ㎍/g), respectively. The values of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (44.27%), 2,4,6-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphnoic acid) diammonium salt (75.16%), and hydroxyl (63.29%) radical scavenging activities and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (1.573) showed the highest activity on the 45 days as well as results of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.1191-1198
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• 2017

This study aimed to evaluate the utilization of the top of a low intake of root, through the analysis of the antioxidant activity of the powder of hydroponic-cultured ginseng. Quality characteristics and antioxidant activity were compared and analyzed with Korea's traditional dessert Gaeseong-Juak, which is made of the powder of hydroponic-cultured ginseng's leaf by adjusting the added volume. DPPH radical scavenging activity of the hydroponic-cultured ginseng by the part powder was in the following order: highly stem, leaf and root. It was measured as 67.9%, 42.9%, and 25.9% at the 1 mg/m level. Gaeseong-Juak was prepared by adding hydroponic-cultured ginseng leaf powder at 0%, 0.3%, 0.6%, and 0.9% of the rice powder. As the content of hydroponic-cultured ginseng leaf powder increased, moisture content, L-value, and a-value were significantly decreased, while the b-value was significantly increased. The texture profile analysis of Gaeseong-Juak was not significantly different among the samples. In the sensory test, the sample containing 0.6% hydroponic-cultured ginseng leaf powder achieved good scores. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of Gaeseong-Juak was significantly increased, as the addition level increased, compared to the original. Based on the above results, hydroponic-cultured ginseng leaf was verified to be a possible natural antioxidant. It can increase food's nutritional values and possibilities when made of hydroponic-cultured ginseng, using leaf which is added to the traditional dessert Gaeseong-Juak.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.58-63
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant activities on hydropoic-cultured ginseng roots (HGR) and leaves (HGL). The samples were lyophilized, extracted with 80% ethanol, and then evaluated the antioxidant activities compare with conventional-cultured ginseng. Total polyphenol content of ginseng, HGR, and HGL were 128.85±0.41, 115.74±1.28, and 282.15±5.15 mg/g, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activity(IC₅₀) was the highest value of 6.47±0.13 mg/mL in the HGL. The ABTS radical scavenging activity was the highest value of 29.37±0.37 mg AA eq/g in HGL, and ginseng and HGR were 10.23±0.49 and 8.18±0.37 mg AA eq/g, respectively. The reducing power of ginseng, HGR, and HGL were 0.56±0.01, 0.53±0.01, and 0.68±0.01, respectively. Chelating effect was the highest value of 92.65±3.42% in HGL. The results of this study suggest that antioxidant activities in hydropoic-cultured ginseng leaves could have significant health benefits.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.352-359
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to develop a new preparation process of ginseng leaf and stem extracts having high concentrations of ginsenoside Rg2, Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, a special component of red and black ginseng. Chemical transformation from ginseng saponin glycosides to prosapogenin was analyzed by the HPLC. Extracts of ginseng (Panax ginseng) leaf and stem were processed under several treatment conditions including ultrasonication treatments. The content of total saponin reached their heights at 17 hr (UGL-17) of ultrasonication treatment, followed by 16 hr (UGL-16) and 7 hr (UGL-7) of ultrasonication treatment at $100^{\circ}C$. UGL-17 findings show that the ginseng leaf and stem that had been processed with ultrasonication for 17 hours peaked in the level of Rg2, Rg3 and Rh1. In addition, UGL-16 contained ginsenoside Rg5 at high concentrations. It is thought that such results provide basic information in preparing ginseng leaf and stem extracts with functionality enhanced.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.446-453
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• 2015

Background : Excessively high concentration of sodium ion causednutrient deficiency and significantly decrease growth. This study was carried out to determine the limiting concentration range of sodium ion in the soil of ginseng field. Methods and Results : The growth of the ginseng cultivar Chunpoong reduced with increase in salinity, and the rate of growth reduction was higher in shoots than that of roots. Particularly, ginseng plants cultivated at high level of nitrate nitrogen or sodium may suffer delayed development and stunted growth. Chlorophyll damage occurred on the leaves of ginseng planted in relatively high levels (> $0.2cmol^+/kg$) of sodium ion, as determined by the fluorescence reaction. The incidence of physiological disorder in ginseng cultivated at 249 sites was correlated with the concentration of sodium ion in the soils. About 74% of ginseng fields in which physiological disorders occurred had concentrations of sodium ion in soil greater than $0.2cmol^+/kg$. In contrast, the concentration of sodium ions at 51 of 85 sites where no damage occurred was relatively ($0.05cmol^+/kg-0.15cmol^+/kg$). Conclusions : The concentration of sodium ion in soil of ginseng fields can be classified into three levels optimum (${\leq}0.15$), permissible allowance (0.15 - 0.2) and excessive (> 0.2).

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.332-336
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• 2008

PPD ginsenosides in ginseng leaf were analyzed to determine effects of either FIR heat or steaming heat treatment. Among the PPD ginsenosides, Rb1, Rc and Rb3 forming four glycoside-attached aglycons were increased as FIR heat temperatures were increased from 60 to $120^{\circ}C$, while Rb3 was decreased. In addition, FIR heat treatment was effective to increase Rd forming a three glycoside-attached aglycon. Rg3 and Rh2 were not increased by the FIR heat treatment. In steaming heat treatment, Rb1 was significantly decreased, while Rb2 was increased. Rd was also increased by increased steaming temperature, yet its content was lower than in the FIR heat treatment. However, the steaming heat treatment increased yields of Rg3 and Rh2, which were not observed in the FIR heat treatment. Thus, FIR heat treatment was beneficial to efficient products of Rb1, Rc, Rb3 and Rd. Steaming heat treatment was effective to higher collection of Rb2, Rg3 and Rh2.