• 대한약침학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.59-71
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• 2004

Objectives : In order to investigate effects and immune improvement of distilled white-ginseng herbal extract, expression of Cox-1, Cox-2, and mRNA of Bcl-2 and Bax were analyzed in A549 cell in vivo. Survival time and expression of cytokine mRNA were measured for the mice with Sarcoma-180 induced abdominal cancer. Methods : Balb/c mouse was treated with distilled white-ginseng Herbal Acupuncture at Wisu($Bl_{21}$) and Chung-wan($CV_{12}$) to investigate anti-cancer effects and immune response. Results : 1. For expression of mRNA of Cox-1 using RT-PCR. the control group and the experiment groups show significant increase. For Cox-2, both experiment groups and the normal group showed significant decrease. For Bcl-2, experiment groups showed slight decrease compared to the control group. For Bax, no significant changes were shown between the control group and experiment groups 2. For survival time, all of experiment groups didn't show significant differences. 3. IL-2 productivity using Flow cytometry, experiment group I didn't show any significance, For II-4, all of experiment groups showed slight decrease compared to the control group. 4. For IL-2 productivity using ELISA, experiment group I showed slight decrease compared to the control group, experiment group II didn't show any significance. 5. For expression of cytokine mRNA using RT-PCR, significant increase of IL-2 and IL-4 were witnessed in experiment group I compared to the control group. Significant decrease of IL-10 was shonwn in all of experiment groups compared to the control group. Conclusion : According to the results, we can expect that distilled white-ginseng Herbal Acupuncture may be further effects in anti-cancer and immune improvement if increasing concentration.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.469-474
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• 2014

This study was performed to investigate the effects of sowing density and number of seeds sown on the emergence rate and growth characters of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer under direct sowing cultivation in a blue plastic greenhouse. Ginseng seedlings, derived from seeds sown directly at different densities (90, 108, 135, and 162 seeds per $162m^2$), were cultivated in sandy loam soil within a blue plastic greenhouse. In contrast to the emergence rate, which decreased with an increase of sowing density, number of survival plant showed an increasing trend. Interestingly, the emergence and number of survival plant were significantly enhanced when 2 or 3 seeds were sown per hole compared with when one seed was sown per hole. Growth of the aerial parts of ginseng were not markedly influenced by sowing density or the number of seeds sown. However, chlorophyll content (SPAD values) increased with an increase in sowing density. Root parameters, such as root length, diameter, and weight, and the number of lateral roots decreased with an increase in sowing density, but were not noticeably influenced by the number of seeds sown. Total saponin content was the highest in the treatment plot containing 135 seeds. Similarly, the content of each ginsenoside was also tended to be higher in this treatment than in other treatment plots. On the basis of the results obtained in this study, it was possible to determine the optimal sowing density and seed number for the direct sowing cultivation of ginseng in blue plastic greenhouse.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.423-428
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• 2014

This study was performed to identify optimal harvesting time of ginseng seeds and to examine the effect of $GA_3$ treatment for improvement of seed stratification rate. Ginseng seeds harvested from Land race, Chunpoong and Yunpoong cultivar in July 20 were tested for stratification rate. It was shown that stratification rates of land race, Yunpoong and Chunpoong cultivar were 94.1%, 93.1%, and 82.6%, respectively. Seeds of Chunpoong cultivar harvested 10-15 days later showed a comparable stratification rate to that of Land race, indicating that late harvest of Chunpoong seeds is beneficial for the increase of stratification rate. The higher stratification rate was found in mature seeds (92.3%) than immature seeds (37.8%), both of which were harvested in July 20. Stratification rate of mature seeds harvested in July 15 was 87.5%, demonstrating optimal harvesting time of ginseng seeds with higher stratification rate is after mid-July. An exponential growth of endosperms of ginseng seeds was observed from early June to mid-June and then slow growth was observed. There was no obvious growth of embryos from fertilization to mid-August. After the this time, embryos quickly grew until late October. Thus, appropriate stratification control is essential during the period (from early September to late October) in order to optimize embryo growth and development. While no increase of stratification rate was observed in seeds treated with 50 ppm of $GA_3$, significant increases were observed in seeds treated with 100 ppm of $GA_3$. At this concentration of $GA_3$, the stratification rate of Land race, Chunpoong and Yunpoong cultivar was 95.0%, 95.3%, and 96.5%, respectively.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.32-38
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• 2013

FPS (farnesyl diphosphate synthase) plays an essential role in organ development in plants. However, FPS has not previously been identified as a key regulatory enzyme in triterpene biosynthesis. In order to investigate the effect of FPS on ginsenosides biosynthesis, we over-expressed FPS of Centella asiatica (CaFPS) in Panax giseng adventitious roots. PCR analysis showed the integrations of the CaFPS and hygromycin phosphotransferase genes and we ultimately selected three lines. The result of Southern blot analysis demonstrated the introduction of the CaFPS gene into genome of ginseng. In addition, the results of RT-PCR analysis revealed that CaFPS gene overexpression induced an accumulation of its transcription in the ginseng adventitious roots. To determine whether or not the overexpression of the CaFPS gene contributes to the downstream gene expression associated with triterpene biosynthesis, the level of mRNAs was analyzed by real-time PCR. The result showed that no differences were detected in any expression of all genes. To determine quantitatively the content of ginsenosides in transgenic ginseng adventitious roots, HPLC analysis was conducted. The content of total 7 ginsenosides was increased to 1.8, 1.4, and 1.7 times than that of the controls, respectively. This indicated that the overexpression of CaFPS in ginseng adventitious roots causes an increase in ginsenoside content, although down stream genes of FPS gene were suppressed by CaFPS overexpression.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.162-168
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• 2009

식품안전관련 사건 사고는 점차 대형화되면서 지속적으로 계속 발생하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 1998년 1월부터 최근 2008년 10월까지 국내에서 발생한 주요 식품안전사건사고와 관련하여 다양한 언론매체에서 발표된 자료를 수집하고 그 발생현황에 대한 분석을 시도하였다. 총 1,206건이 발생한 것으로 조사되었으며, 이중 중복내용과 순수 식품안전사건 사고와 관련이 없는 부분을 제외하면 약 11년간 총 569건이 발생한 것으로 조사되었다. 이를 연도별로 보면 평균 51.7건이, 월별로 보면 평균 4.9건이 발생하였다. 주요 원인식품군에 있어 수산식품과 식육 및 육가공품, 과자류, 음료류, 특수영양식품군, 다류, 면류, 장류, 우유 및 유제품 등의 순으로 나타났으며, 식품유형에 있어서는 즉석섭취편의식품, 육류, 과자, 건강보조식품, 침출차, 영아용 조제식 및 육가공품, 인삼제품, 체중조절용 조제식품 등의 순으로 나타났다. 위해요소(원인물질)별로는 화학적 위해요소가 247건(43.4%)으로 가장 많이 발생하였으며, 다음이 생물학적 위해요소로 126건(22.1 %), 물리적 위해요소는 97건(17.0%)의 순으로 나타났다. 위해요소의 발생단계에 대한 분석을 보면, 원료차원에서 가장 많은 364건(64%)이 발생하였고, 다음이 제조가공단계로 151건(26.5%), 유통 및 판매단계가 44건(7.7%)으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서와 같은 자료의 정리 및 분석은 추후 식품안전정책 및 HACCP의무적용 등에 있어 우선적으로 다루어야 할 품목을 선정하는 데 있어 중요한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.427-432
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• 1999

마이크로파 진공 건조 방법을 달리하여(3분 건조-2분 정지를 반복하여 24시간 건조하는 방법 ; MWVD 1,5분 건조-2.5분 정지를 반복하여 24시간 건조하는 방법 : MWVD2, 열풍 건조기를 이용하여 $45^{\circ}C$에서 12시간 예비 건조 후 마이크로파 건조기를 이용하여 3분 건조-2분 정지를 반복하여 12시간 건조하는 방법 : HMWVD1, 5분 건조-2.5분 정지를 반복하여 12시간 건조하는 방법 : HMWVD2) 인삼을 건조한 후 품질특성을 검토하였다. 마이크로파 진공 건조 후 수축현상 없이 수분활성도 0.54, 수분함량 16.82%까지 건조되었다. 건조 후 일반성분의 차이는 조단백질, 회분은 차이가 없었으나 조지방의 함량은 감소되었다. 유리당 조성에서 포도당(glucose)은 증가한 반면 자당(sucrose)은 감소하였다. $Ginsenoside-Rb_1$ 및 Rc는 건조 후 감소하였으며 $Ginsenoside-Rg_1$의 함량은 MWVD2와 HMWVD2 처리구에서 각각 0.15, 0.17로 MWVD1와 HMWVD1 처리구보다는 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 미세구조 관찰에서 MWVD1 처리구가 건조 후 가장 치밀한 내부 구조를 나타내었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.8-14
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• 2006

본 연구는 랫드에서 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo--dioxin (TCDD)로 유도된 급성독성에 대한 홍삼유출액으로부터 분리한 조사포닌의 방어효과를 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 40마리의 웅성 랫드를 4군으로 나누어 정상군에 대해서는 TCDD의 운반체를, TCDD 단독투여군 (TT)에게는 TCDD($5{\mu}g/ml$)와 생리식염수를 1회 복강주사하였다. 한편, 조사포닌 투여군 (RGE-CS20, RGE-CS40)은 조사포닌을 각각 20 및 40 mg/kg,b.w/day의 용량으로 TCDD 투여 1주 전부터 총 4 주간 복강주사하였다. TCDD 단독투여군의 체중은 TCDD투여 1주째부터 유의하게 감소한 반면, 조사포닌 투여군은 TCDD 단독투여군에 비해 완만하기는 하지만 유의하게 증가하여 체중감소가 억제되었다. 조사포닌 투여군은 TCDD독성에 의해 증가한 TG, TC, LDL, AST ALT, $Fe^{2+}$ 함량은 감소시켰고, TCDD 독성에 의해 감소된 glucose, amylase, LDH, CK 활성을 증가시켜 혈액 임상화학지수를 유의하게 개선시키는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로부터 홍삼유출액으로부터 분리한 조사포닌은 TCDD에 의해 주도된 체중감소와 장기 기능저하에 대해서 현저한 방어효과를 나타낸다는 사실을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.446-454
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• 2008

An advanced extraction method by ultrasonic extraction with applied solid phase extraction (SPE) has been developed for the determination of simultaneous eight major ginsenosides, namely ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rf, Rb1, Rg2, Rc, Rb2, and Rd in the root of Panax ginseng. Four extraction methods including n-BuOH reflux extraction (Method A), 70% EtOH reflux extraction (Method B), 50% MeOH reflux extraction with SPE (Method C), and 50% MeOH ultrasonication with SPE clean-up process (Method D) were investigated for the determination of eight major ginsenosides. Total contents of ginsenosides were highest by extraction of Method C as $2.408{\pm}0.011%$. However, Method D was evaluated as relatively simpler and more efficient method due to short extraction time, small solvent consumption and less expensive, compared to conservative reflux method. Ginsenosides were also satisfactorily separated with good resolution and the accuracy range was between 1.05 and 4.06% as relative standard deviation (RSD) by Method D. SPE condition and HPLC condition were further optimized for determination of eight major ginsenosides by the ultrasonic extraction method. Conclusively, ultrasonic extraction of 2 g sample of ginseng using ultrasonic bath and 1 loading for SPE was evaluated as proper condition for extraction of ginseng.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.198-206
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of sowing density, number of seeds sown per hole, and thinning treatment on growth characteristics and disease occurrence in Panax ginseng under direct sowing cultivation in a blue plastic greenhouse. Seedling were grown from 2 or 3 seeds sown, and the healthiest was only retained, while the rest were thinned out at the foliation stage. $NO_3$-N, $P_2O_5$, and organic matter content differed significantly between growth conditions in the plastic greenhouse and in conventional shade in the soil. Disease also tended to be higher in the conventional shade than in the plastic greenhouse. Plant height and stem length showed an increasing trend with increasing sowing density and number of seeds sown per hole. However, these measures noticeably decreased when thinning treatment was conducted. Growth of the subterranean part of ginseng was not markedly influenced by sowing density, the number of seeds sown per hole, or thinning treatment. Root weight, which is an important factor in yield, was significantly affected by the number of seeds sown and thinning treatment. Interestingly, root weight tended to be higher in the thinning treatment plot than the untreated control plot. Damping-off and root rot increased noticeably as the number of seeds sown increased. Disease also tended to be substantially higher in the thinning treatment plot than the untreated control. However, physiological disorder of the plants did not vary with sowing density, the number of seeds sown, or thinning treatment.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.124-128
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• 2012

When ginseng seedlings are cultured in paddy fields, quality degradation and yield reduction are induced by severe plant loss with chlorosis on leaves occurred physiological disorder by excessive salt and poor drainage, rusty-root occurrence, and root rot etc. Accordingly, in order to solve these problems, this study was performed to investigate the treatment method, concentrations and time of activated ion calcium as environment-friendly agricultural materials. Activated ion calcium is an enriched and purified water-soluble mineral calcium component for absorbing quickly into plant as a highly functional calcium and it is an alkaline calcium of 37% (370 $m{\ell}$/1 ${\ell}$) concentration with pH 13. Treatment method was that ginseng seeds were sown after removing water in the shade after seed immersion for 1 minute with active ion calcium of 20-fold diluted solution, and then irrigated $4{\ell}$ per 3.3 $m^2$ with 200-fold, 400-fold, and 600-fold diluted solution before emergence on late March, and supplied 1 time on leaves with 500-fold diluted solution in June and July respectively. The disease rate by treatment of activated ion calcium was that on the treatment of soil irrigated with 200-fold diluted solution compared to non-treated soil, damping-off was 33%, anthracnose was 100% reduced and the occurrence rate of rusty-root was 30% reduced. In addition, when active ion calcium of 200-fold diluted solution were soil irrigated, first and second grade ginseng were respectively 26% and 22% produced more, compared with control.