• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 1969

These studies were carried to clarify the application effect of high leveled superphosphate fertilizer and the effect to the yield and growth of rice by the application of composts enriched with superphosphate fertilizer and the results were as follows: 1) Neither statistical significance was convinced between the yield and yield component factor in each treatment in the terms of superphosphate effects, nor the additional application effect of superphosphate fertilizer was appeared. 2) In the terms of grain yield, the statistical significance was not revealed in the plots of composts applied 1000kg per 10a, of superphosphate applied 5kg, 7.5kg and 10kg per 10 a, but grain yield were 220kg in the plot of composts applied 1000 kg per 10 a, 232kg in the plot of superphosphate applied 5 kg per 10 a, 266kg in superphosphate applied 7.5 per 10a, and 243kg of 10kg $P_2O_5$ per 10a. 3) The methods of applying superphosphate and composts to rice plant making composts enriched with superphosphate fertilizer a few monath before the basal application were recommended to increase grain yield and each factor of grain component. 4) The interaction of applying composts and superphosphate was revealed that applying composts with the $P_2O_5$ was recommended. 5) Grain yields were higher in the plots of 1, 000kg of composts enriched with 7.5kg of $P_2O_5$ per 10 a, and 1, 000kg of composts with 5kg of $P_2O_5$ per 10 a other than the rest of 10 treatments. 6) Appyling composts in the test was convinced as effective results to accelerate the maturing rate.

• 비료회보
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• s.391
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• pp.30-40
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• 1990

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.26-36
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• 1979

Through several trials that has done for making the fertilizing-counter plan on the soil improving species, some results have been got as follows; 1. In the non-phosphorus dressing plots soil improving species have very poor survial ratio and show us to be died step by step. It may be resons that root can not make the nodule in case of non-phosphorus dressing and so tree could not absorb the nitrogen nutrient fixed by the nodule. And root competition with the weedy speces for utilizing the nutrient and oxygen in the soil could be reasons when planting in the heavy weedy rooting site. 2. Triple super phosphate, Fused Mg Phosphate and Fused super phosphate have showed the remarkable effects on the growth of soil improving species within 3rd year after planting. But Koreaan tablet fertilizer(9-12-4) for forest purpose have reacted considerably lower effect in comparision with the above powder and grain type phosphorous fertilizer. 3. In case of tablet type fertilizer tree root will have very little phosphorus absorbing surface because phosphorus can be utilized only from the tablet surface and root can not penetrate into the tablet. This my be reson to show the poor dressing reaction of tablet fertilizer but tablet fertilizer has a possibility to be utilized during long years as a sympton in photo 6. So tablet fertilizer can have a recommendation to dress much fertilizer at p]anting year and then tree root can get much more chance for absorbing the phosphorus that could keep the high survival and for utilizing it during many years without after dressing. 4. The granurar and powder type phosphate can develop the dense root mat like photo 8 because of giving the large surface for absorbing the phosphorus and weedy root can approch to the nodule for taking the nitrogen element. So this type seems to present better effect than tablet type to control the soil movement, stem weight as 200g per meter(l meter long${\times}$0.1m width). When added the lime any effect could not be found and rather give the negative effect. So Lespedeza seed sowing and phosphorus dressing system seems us to be very reasonable method for covering the raw material of basket making, fodder and fuel wood supply. 7. Fused Mg phosphate and Fused super phosphate are good fertilizer to the soil improving species and dressing more than 30g per seedling can be recommendable amount. 5. In the unproductive and dry soil with phosphorus fertilizer Robinia pseudoacacia and Alnus firnui can grow more than 2.3m in height at 3rd year and Alnus inokumae have the rapid height growth that is more than 1.8m at 2nd year. Depending on the growth situation like the above example minirotated management has possibilities and rapid covering of erosed land can be done with the soil improving species and phosphorus fertilizer. 6. In the Lespedeza sowing plot with 40g Fused Mg phosphate dressing per meter in the eroded and unproductive forest soil Lespedeza have completely covered this poor land and produced the green.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.89-93
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• 1973

In order to study the effects of some chemical components of surface soils on the paddy yield in clayey Whadong series developed on old alluvium, NPK fertilizer experiments conducted from 1966 to 1969 were reviewed and discussed, and the results may be summarized as follows. 1. The paddy rice production of Whadong series without fertilizers varied from 156kg to 719kg per 10a. 2. The paddy yields in Whadong series were associated mainly with the contents of organic matter and available phosphorus in surface soils, but not with those of exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg and cation exchange capacity. 3. The contents of organic matter in these soils more effected in the paddy yield than those of phosphorus did. 4. In case less than 2.0% or more than 3.0% of organic matter in surface soils the effect of phosphate application was appreciable. The effect, however, was not recognized from 2.0 to 2.9% of organic matter. And the following suggestions were able to make. a. In case of less than 2.0% of organic matter, the effect was considered to be due to deficiency of available phosphorus in the soil. b. In case of more than 3.0% of organic matter, the greater effect was considered to be due to inhibition of P uptake even in higher P contents in soil. c. Consequently, correlation study of P testing in paddy soil should be limited to the soils which contains less than 2% of organic matter. d. If the contents of organic matter in paddy soils were above 3.0%, the effect of P application was considerable and considered to be due to inhibition of nutrient uptake. Accordingly, it is considered that only the increased application of P does not improve the production of paddy in such soils.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.139-154
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• 2008

The nearly 75% of animal feed materials used for livestock production are imported every year in Korea. Most of imported feed ingredients are concentrated feeds such as com, wheat, soybean, soybean meal, etc. and they are used as the source materials for the production of assorted feed. The imported concentrated feeds are high in nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore, the consistent import of feed ingredients may cause an increase of nutrient deposit in our agricultural ecosystem. In the current review, it was discussed with the situation of the feed importation and its nutritional composition to evaluate the nutrient load by the imported feeds onto agricultural ecosystem. The nutrient load caused by imported feeds in agricultural environment was compared with the nutrient demand for crop production. The amounts of N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ introduced by the imported fteds in Korea were 371, 140 and 143 Ktons. And, the N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ loads excreted from imported feeds in livestock were 148, 84 and 86 Ktons of N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ and These nutrient loads by the imported feeds are at the percentage of N 52%, $P_2O_5$ 52% and $K_2O$ 42% in the comparison of total nutrient amounts excreted from livestock animals in Korea. The 82.3% of nutrients excreted from livestock was recycled to crop land as compost and liquid fertilizer, and the others were discharged to river after water treatment processing or disposed to ocean. Also, passing through the recycling process far the production of compost and liquid fertilizer, the amount of nutrients was reduced by the ammonia vaporization of livestock feces and urine. Accordingly, N 81, $P_2O_5$ 74 and $K_2O$ 76 Ktons in the nutrients excreted from livestock were estimated to be utilized in the crop land. Consequently, it was estimated that 44, 48 and 69 Ktons of N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ were taken up with crops in the consideration of the ratio of mineralization, and the amounts of leached or deposited N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ in crop land were estimated to be 37, 27 and 7 Ktons, respectively. It is estimated that 12%, 34% and 48% of N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ introduced by the imported feeds were used by crops, and 10%, 34% and 5% of N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ were leached or deposited in agricultural ecosystem. Therefore, considering the leached and deposited amounts of N, $P_2O_5\;and\;K_2O$ originated from the imported feed ingredients, the consistent import of feeds may gradually increase the nutrient load onto agricultural ecosystem.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.15-24
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• 2005

Enterobacter intermedium oxidizes glucose to gluconic acid and sequentially converts gluconic acid to 2-ketogluconic acid (2-KGA) under aerobic condition. Shaking incubation of E. intermedium in a broth medium containing 22.5 g glucose, 8.2 g gluconic acid and 40 g rock phosphate per liter resulted in $1028mg\;L^{-1}$ soluble phosphate. The culture broth was used as phosphate bio-fertilizer (PBF) in this experiment. To evaluate PBF produced by E. intermedium on lettuce growth, five treatments (PBF1/3, PBF2/3, PBF3/3, BP, and MF) were used. In MF and BP treatments, $P_2O_5$ 5.9 kg of mineral fertilizer per 10a was added, while in PBF1/3, PBF2/3, and PBF3/3 treatments, culture broth containing one third, two third, and same amount of soluble $P_2O_5$ 5.9 kg per 10a was applied, respectively. At 20, 35, and 50 days after transplanting of lettuce, plant growth components, biomass, enzyme activities and soil chemical properties were analyzed. Dehydrogenase activity and available phosphate concentration of rhizosphere in phosphate bio fertilizer treatments (PBF1/3, PBF2/3, PBF3/3) were generally higher compared to MF and BP treatments. Soil biomass in PBF3/3 treatment was significantly higher than MF and BP treatments at early growth stage. However, there was no significant difference among all treatments with time. Plant fresh weights in PBF1/3, PBF2/3, and MF treatments were better than those in BP and PBF3/3 treatments. However, in PBF2/3 treatment the highest fresh weight was discovered where alkaline phosphatase activity was generally higher than other treatments at 35 and 50 days. Enhancement of lettuce growth at 35 and 50 days in PBF2/3 treatment was associated with greater phosphate uptake in lettuce tissue. As regarding all results, PBF showed better lettuce growth compared to mineral phosphate fertilizer where PBF2/3 treatment resulted in increase of lettuce fresh weight by 23% and phosphate uptake by 50%.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.268-273
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• 1993

With a purpose of finding out the effects of phosphatic fertilizer application at the grassland establishment and management on the botanical composition, mineral content of grasses and the chemical properties of soil. a field experiment was arranged with four treatments as a randomized complete block design and lasted from September, 1989 to October, 1991 in hilly area near Suweon. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. The botanical composition of grassland that phosphatic fertilizer was not applied was poor and the rate of legumes was increased with phosphatic fertilizer application and the effect of phosphatic fertilizer applications was obvious at the grassland management. 2. The mineral contents, N. P, Ca, Mg of grasses were increased with phosphatic fertilizer application but the K/Ca+Mg equivalent ratio of grasses was lowered and K content and Ca/P ratio tended not to be regular. 3. The available phosphorus contents and exchangable cation, Ca, Mg, contents of grassland soil were increased with phosphatic fertilizer applications but potasium contents tended not to be regular. 4. It was necessary to apply phosphatic fertilizer for the establishment and management of grassland. The botanical composition of grassland that phosphatic fertilizer was not applied at the establishment could be corrected into good stand with continuous phosphatic fertilizer applications at the management.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.27-41
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• 1968

In order to clarify the effect of various forms or phosphate on the production of paddy in Korea and to find out the superiority of any form, a number of field and pot experiments involving various phosphate fertilizers were carried out in addition to conducting one each of sand culture and soil culture pot experiments in 1963 and 1964. The results of these studies are summarized as follows: 1. In sand culture experiment, the best effect of a phosphate fertilizer was obtained with the mono-calcium phosphate which is soluble in water, followed by citric acid soluble phosphate such as fused phosphate and di-calicum phosphate. However, in the pot culture and field experiments, fused phosphate had shown it's superiority than triple superphosphate which contains water soluble form of phosphate followed by hypo phosphate, roasted phosphate, compound fertilizer, and slag phosphate. The effect of rock phosphate was the least in most cases. 2. The superiority of fused phosphate to triple super phosphate in soil culture was supposed to be: a) The fused phosphate can neutralize the soil acidity. b) The fused phosphate can supply magnesium and magnesium lead to the balanced conditions of exchangeable bases in soils. c) The magnesium in the fused phosphate helps the transportation of phosphate, and regulate the absorption of the element.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.743-748
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• 2022

The garlic chive (Allium tuberosum Rotter) is a prominent herb species in Asia and other nations of the world. Garlic chives is a favorite vegetable and used to garnish noodles in Korea. The effects of various doses of N, P, and K fertilizers and drought stress on the chlorophyll content in the leaves of garlic chives were investigated. The evaluations showed that chlorophyll a content was 0.386 at 10 mg/l N fertilizer and 0.584 at 50 mg/l N fertilizer. The treatment group showed a significant difference with regard to the contents of chlorophylls a and b and total chlorophyll at the 5% level (p<0.05). Pearson's correlation coefficient (Pearson's r) for chlorophylls a and b and total chlorophyll were 0.940, 0.966, and 0.971, respectively. The highest content of chlorophylls a and b and total chlorophyll in the leaves was recorded at 40 mg/l P fertilizer, while the values corresponding to 50 mg/l P fertilizer were lower than those for 40 mg/l P fertilizer. The content of total chlorophyll evaluated at 10 mg/l K fertilizer was 0.312 and that at 50 mg/l was 0.589. The simple linear regression showed the relationship between chlorophyll efficiency aand moisture. The slope factors of the dark-level fluorescence yield (Fo), the maximum fluorescence yield (Fm), the quenched state (Fv), and the maximal PSII quantum yield (Fv/Fm) for chlorophyll-efficient indicators were -0.931, 0.972, 972, and 0.950, respectively. NPK fertilizers and drought stress affected the chlorophyll content and efficiency of A. tuberosum.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.36-40
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• 2004

It is now widely accepted that immobilized microbial cells can overcome some of the problems associated with microbial survival stability, efficacy, storage, transportation and ease of application in agricultural environments. Pantoea agglomerans, a phosphate solubilizing bacterium, was immobilized in alginate, agar and gelatin carriers. All the three immobilfized carriers with bacterial cells of P. agglomerans were compared for solubilization of tricalcium phosphate in pure liquid cultures. While alginate beads were tested for phosphate solubilization on alternate days up to five days, agar beads and gelatin cubes were subjected for one time phosphate solubilization analysis after seven days. Both alginate and agar immobilized cells of P. agglomerans exhibited higher efficiency in increasing the solubilizaliun of tricalcium phosphate than gelatin immobilized cells. The culture filtrate of alginate bead inoculation treatment registered a rapid increase in soluble phosphate concentration upon incubation. A corresponding decrease in the pH of the medium was also observed in all the treatments.