• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.81-84
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• 1970

1) 본 보고는 사과나무 부란성병의 발생상황에 대하여 주산지인 충북, 충남, 경북등 3개도에서 1967년부터 1970년까지 4년 간 조사한 것이다. 2) 피해상황은 각지방에서 $30\%$ 내외가 감염되어 사과재배에 큰 위협을 주고 있다. 3) 수령별로는 대체로 수령이 많아질 수록 발병이 심한 펀이었다. 4) 품종간에는 홍옥의$6.1\%$가 가장 발병이 많았고 그 외는 Golden Delicious, 인도, 국광, 축의 순위였다. 5) 시비관계는 질소다량시비구가 $21.9\%$로 소양시비구에 비하여 약 1/3정도 발병이 많았으며, 붕소를 사용한 과원은 대조과원보다 약 1/4-1/6 정도로 발병률이 감소되었다. 6) 재배지대별로 보면 충북에서는 하천지대에 발병이 심했으나 경북지방은 대체로 하천, 평야, 구릉지대 어디서나 비슷한 경향이었다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제65권
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• pp.51-70
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• 2015

The Rotterdam Rules are not phrased in favour of FOB seller's legal status. Whether it will be wise under the Rotterdam Rules to trade on the basis of cash against M/R largely depends on the interpretation of various provisions of the Rotterdam Rules. To protect his interests the M/R holder and his assigns must have a right of delivery of the cargo at the port of destination. The M/R holder and his assigns must be entitled to the bill of lading or at least be able to prevent the carrier from issuing the bill of lading to the shipper. Besides, any additional right of instruction on the part of the shipper must be blocked. Article 35 of the Rules entitles only the shipper to the bill of lading while 47 entitles only the holder of the bill of lading to delivery. When no bill of lading has been issued Article 45 grants to the shipper a right of instruction whereby the shipper is allowed to advise the carrier as to the name and the address of the consignee. I have suggested that by lack of a specific provision to the contrary the Rotterdam Rules have to be considered to be embedded in the system of law as a whole. From the Common Law it follows that a M/R holder, as owner of the cargo, can ask for delivery of the cargo. As owner of the cargo a M/R holder can also claim the bill of lading, if he does so in time, because it must be implied in the contract of carriage that the carrier must deliver the bill of lading to the owner of the goods. It is for the same reason that a M/R holder can prevent the carrier from issuing the bill of lading to any third party but the M/R holder and from taking instructions from the shipper as to name and address of a consignee other than the M/R holder.