• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.642-649
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• 2011

Ginseng growth is largely affected by characteristics of soil in Ginseng field. In this study, we determined the critical ranges of physico-chemical properties of soil for optimization of ginseng growth by analyzing the soils from Anseong and Pocheon regions in Gyeonggi province. Fresh weight of ginseng was 2 to 5 fold higher in good growth field compared to poor growth field within Anseong region. In the case of Pocheon region, 1.5 to 2 fold differences of fresh weight of ginseng was observed between good and poor growth field. These results indicate the difference of ginseng growth even in the same region. Based on these results, critical ranges of physico-chemical properties of soils were determined by comparing the good and poor growth field of each regions, which are follows; more than 50% of soil porosity, 2.0~2.8 g/kg of total nitrogen, 500~900 mg/kg for Av. $P_2O_5$, 2.3~3.5 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ for Exch. Ca in Anseong; less than 13% of liquid phase, 400~650 mg/kg for Av. $P_2O_5$, 4.0~4.7 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ for Exch. Ca, less than 0.8 and 0.5 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ for Exch. Mg and K, respectively, in Pocheon. Interestingly, we found that ginseng growth was affected by exchangeable base ratio (Ca:Mg:K) especially in Anseong region, which were 6:2:1 in good growth field while 4:2:1 in poor growth field. Critical ranges for nutrient contents of ginseng leaves were also characterized, which are less than 0.2% and 0.22% of each P and Mg, respectively, in Anseong, while less than 1.8% and 0.18% of each N and P, respecively, and 1.5~3.0% of K in Pocheon. In addition, we determined critical ranges for inorganic nutrient contents in the current study.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.309-329
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• 1975

Studies were carried out to find the effect of various soil properties on the growth, nodulation and yield using a soybean variety, 'Tongbuktae', at various soils. The results of the study are summarized as follow: 1. The formation ratios of various characters in soybeans were different before and after flowering. The root length(89.3%), stem diameter(82.1%), plant height(77.8%), number of nodes(67.4%), and number of nodes(67.9%) gave the high formation ratio before flowering. However, the formation of number of nodules(66.3%), top dry weight(74.9%) and total dry weight(71.7%)was accomplished mainly after flowering. The ratio of the formation in root dry weight was appeared to be about same in the growth period before and after flowering. 2. Nodulation ratio after flowering shelved significantly positive correlation with dry matter accumulation. 3. T/R, top dry weight/plant height and plant height/root length were significantly associated with yield. The tested soils with higher ratio mentioned above, also showed higher yield. 4. pH, oraganic matter, phosphate, potassium, total nitrogen and molybdenum in the soils were significantly correlated with nodulation and yield. Content of calcium in the soils only showed significant association with yield. 5. Soil properties influenced yield were molybdenum, calcium, organic matter, pH, number of nodules, magnesium, phosphate, total nitrogen and potassium in the order of importance. This order was varied according to the soils employed in these studies.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.268-275
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• 2004

Effects of soaking time and particle size on physicochemical properties of nonwaxy rice flour were investigated. Nonwaxy rice grains were soaked at $4^{\circ}C$ for 0, 1, 12, and 24 hr, dried at room temperature, and milled, Resulting flours were passed through 45-mesh ($<355{\mu}m,\;IL45$) and 100-mesh ($<150{\mu}m\;IL100$) sieves and separated into $<40{\mu}m\;and\;40-100{\mu}m$ series. IL45 series showed higher amount of large particles ($40-100{\mu}m$) than IL100 series. As the soaking time increased, protein and ash contents decreased, and amylose content, water-binding capacity, swelling power, and solubity of nonwaxy rice flours increased. Swelling power and solibility of nonwaxy rice flours also increased between $65-85^{\circ}C$. Water-binding capacity, swelling power, and solubility of IL100 series were higher than those of IL45 series. 12 hr-soaked nonwaxy rice flour pastes showed higher peak viscosity and breakdown but lower setback and visicosity at $95\;and\;50^{\circ}C$ than 1 hr-soaked ones. X-Ray diffractograms of nonwaxy rice flours were not affected, whereas surface appearance was affected, by soaking time and particle size.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.392-406
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• 1985

The soil management practices before transplanting the ginseng plant were studied with two organic matter sources such as a traditional organic matter (wild grass) and commercial organic fertilizer (byproducts of amino acid fermantation) during the late spring to late autumn. During the soil management practices, the soil received 40kg N/10a from five different combination treatments with above two organic matter sources, a wild grass and a commercial organic fertilizer. After the application of the treatments, the soil were ploughed regularly at the interval of 20 days and the changes of physicochemical properties during the soil management practices were investigated. The next year after soil management practices, ginseng plants were transplanted to each treatment, growth and the content of some organic components of ginseng plant were measured for comparision of the different treatments. 1. The decrease in bulk density observed during the first 40 days of management was considered to be the effect of the improved physical conditions caused by ploughing, The decrease in bulk density observed after 40 days of management was considered to be the effect of organic matter. Similar results were observed in particle density, however porosity increased with time. 2. Soil pH tended to decrease during the first 40 days of management, after which period the pH increased and was stabilized. However, CEC increased with organic matter treatment and the exchangeable $NH^+_4-N$ and $NO^-_3-N$ increased in 20 and 40 days after the management practices, respectively, and after that period it became steady. 3. The decomposition rate of treated organic matter was measured by the incubation test in laboratory conditions. The rate of decomposition was rapid during the first 20 days of management, after which period it showed slight changes. 4. The weight of ginseng root significantly increased in the treatment of 10kg N/10a organic fertilizer and 30kg N/10a wild grass. 5. The saponin content of ginseng root was highest in the 40kg N/10a wild grass treatment. The addition of organic fertilizer at the rate of more than 20kg N/10a caused the decrease in the saponin content.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.16-23
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• 1997

This study was carried out to discuss feasibility of high density polyethylene(HDPE) as a new substitute for the conventional adhesives in plywood manufacture. Plywood was composed of radiata pine(Pinus radiata) and Malas(Homallium feotidium) veneers and bonded by HDPE. Adhesion characteristics and anatomical scanning has been examined through tensile-shear strength test and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The results are as follows; 1. Optimum loading quantity was 15g/$(30.3{\times}30.3)cm^2$, and tensile-shear strength increased with the increase of loading quantity. 2. Even at the hot pressing time of 1 minute, tensile-shear strength met the value of KS(over the 7.5kgf/$cm^2$), and tensile-shear strength increased with the increase of hot pressing time. 3. Plywood composed of veneer at moisture content of 19.6% showed similar tensile-shear strength to that at air conditioned moisture content of 11.4%. 4. Under the same condition of hot pressing time, tensile-shear strength of plywood bonded by HDPE met the KS value of boil and wet test and proved the same group as phenol formaldehyde adhesive. 5. HDPE films showed mechanical adhesion through penetration into the lathe check and ray of veneer.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2006

Physicochemical properties of cross-linked rice starches were investigated. Swelling power of cross-linked rice starch increased at relatively lower temperature $(60^{\circ}C)$ than native rice starch $(70^{\circ}C)$. Cross-linked rice starch showed lower solubility $(1.7{\sim}6.1%)$ than native rice starch $(2.2{\sim}13.8%)$ and solubility is not significantly different with the amount of phosphorus oxychloride. Pasting temperature $(69.2{\sim}70.6^{\circ}C)$ and peak viscosity $(2,874{\sim}3,175\;cp)$ of cross-linked rice starch were lower than native starch $(71.6^{\circ}C,\;3,976\;cp)$, but holding strength $(2,177{\sim}2,708\;cp)$ and final viscosity $(3,424{\sim}3,826 \;cp)$ of cross-linked rice starch were higher than native starch (1,000 cp, 2,312 cp). DSC thermal transitions of cross-linked rice starches were shifted to a lower temperature than native rice starch but there was no significant difference in gelatinization enthalpy between native and cross-linked rice starches. X-ray diffraction pattern of both native and cross-linked rice starches showed typical A-type crystal indicating that cross-linking had not affected the crystalline region of starch.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.787-793
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• 1998

Physicochemical properties of starch of three cultivars of Korean kidney Bean Starches, Pink (PKB), Red (RKB) and White (WKB) were studied. Starch granule was oval/round and smooth in all samples. The amylograms showed a continuous increase of viscosity without peak during heating. The water-binding capacities of starches of PKB, RKB and WKB were 102.1%, 94.7% and 106.9%, respectively. The swelling powers were rapidly incresed in all samples. The amylose content, blue value and relative viscosity of kidney bean starches were $31.1{\sim}32.8%,{\;}0.64{\sim}0.66$ and $2.27{\sim}2.61{\;}mlg^{-1}$, respectively. The transmittance of starch suspension was linearly increased as the temperature raised from $65^{\circ}C{\;}to{\;}85^{\circ}C$. The gelatinization temperature ranges determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were $71.1{\sim}86.9^{\circ}C for PKB, $71.1{\sim}86.0^{\circ}C$ for RKB and $60.8{\sim}77.9^{\circ}C$ for WKB.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2019

Horse fat was vacuum-extracted from fatty tissues of Jeju and Halla horse meat and their physicochemical properties were compared to those of commercial lard and beef-tallow. For color, ${\Delta}E$ was found to be decreased when crystallized. Although acid values of horse fat were higher than those of lard and beef-tallow, p-anisidine and totox values were lower. The iodine value of beef-tallow was the lowest (44.61), and those of horse fat and lard were similar (57.53-57.74). Only horse fat contained ${\alpha}-tocopherol$. The contents of ${\gamma}-tocopherol$ in Jeju and Halla horse fat, lard, and beef-tallow were 7.08, 4.57, 2.13, and 1.91 mg/kg, respectively. Palmitoleic acid ($C_{16:1}$) was found in horse fat. Melting and crystallization curves of horse fat displayed two endothermic and exothermic peaks which were differentiated from lard and beef-tallow. These results indicated that horse fat demonstrates different physicochemical properties compared to lard and beef-tallow, when applied to various types of lipid products.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.274-279
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• 1983

In order to find out the application effect of commercial organic fertilizer on the germination rate of ginseng seed, growth of ginseng plant and changes of the physicochemical properties of soils, a Miwon organic fertilizer, byproduct of amino acid fermentation, was applied to the ginseng nursery bed. The application rates of Miwon organic fertilizer were 0kg-N from organic fertilizer and 30kg-N from wild grass compost per 10a as control(namely 0kg-N/10a), 2.5kg-N and 27.5kg-N/ 10a(2.5kg-N/10a) 5.0kg-N and 25kg-N/10a(5.0kg-N/10a), 10kg-N and 20kg-N/10a(10kg-N/10a), 15kg-N and 15kg-N/10a(15kg-N/10a) respectively, The obtained results are as follows: 1. The germination rate of ginseng seed were better in the plots that received 2.5kg, 5.0kg and 10kg-N/10a as compared with control plot. However no difference was found on germination rate between control and 15kg-N/10a, 2. The higher rate of missing plant was found in the 15kg-N/10a plot that showed poor growth. However control and 10kg-N/10a plot showed similar rate of missing plant. The best result, lower rate of missing plant, was obtained in the order of 5kg-N and 2.5kg-N/10a respectively. 3. The significant heavier ginseng root weight was obtained in 5kg-N/10a and 10kg-N/10a plot. However the root weight was decreased in the order of 2.5kg-N/10a, control, 15kg-N/10a. 4. In the physicochemical changes of soils between control and organic fertilizer treated soil before and after harvesting the increment of pH, C.E.C. and organic matter content along with the rate of organic fertilizer application were found. There were significant correlation between nitrate nitrogen and the rate of organic fertilizer application. 5. In the view points of germination rate, missing rate of plant and yield of ginseng root, it can be stated that the best result could be obtained from the plot that received 10kg-N/10a from Miwon commercial organic fertilizer and 10kg-N/10a from wild grass compost.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.41-48
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• 2015

Coffee consumption in Korea has been currently growing every year, and as a result, approximately 0.2 million tons of Spent Coffee Grounds (SCG) are being created every year. SCG, which is waste organic material, is often classified as food waste and an annual amount of 0.27 million ton is discarded while containing moisture and provoking serious environmental issue. Physico-chemical characteristics of SCG were analyzed in this study and medium and long-term growth experiments were conducted in order to evaluate its utilization potential. According to the experiment results, mixing SCG into the previous base material resulted in accelerated germination and growth in the mid-term compared to previous base material alone, despite slower germination or growth in early stage. Especially, it showed lower withering rate and decrease in various symptoms that are caused by nutrition shortage in case of discontinued sprinkling, etc., compared to the previous base material. Hence, while SCG has a feature of hindering early development due to its feature of waste organic material that is rich in nitrogen, its benefit for long-term growth coming its moisturizing ability and supply of organic matter was confirmed in the study. On balance, SCG is believed to be a material that can replace or complement the previous base materials.