• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.32-42
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• 2014

It is necessary to calculate prime cost of medical services accurately in order to evaluate the adequacy of medical fee. This paper aims to identify cost analysts' perception on prime cost of medical services and needs in establishing a cost accounting system in hospitals, proposing future directions and guidelines for the calculation of medical fee. A self-administered questionnaire and telephone survey on operation of a hospital cost-accounting system was conducted in November, 2012, among cost analysts currently working in the hospitals and hospital administrators planning to implement the hospital cost-accounting system. Our study shows that most of the cost analysts were aware of the importance of calculating prime cost and responded that collection of the prime cost data from government is necessary although they are less likely to provide the data in the future concerning the risk of data misuse and data security. They also responded that lack of budget allocation and excessive workload were the main reasons for not estimating the prime cost and operating cost management information system. Results show that hospital cost analysts considered the data accuracy is the most critical factor in calculating prime costs of medical services. However, there was no investment budget allocated in some hospitals or limited to less than 100 million, indicating that hospitals are reluctant to invest on implementing the cost accounting system. Respondents stated the organization that collects the prime cost of medical services among hospitals should display strong analytical capabilities, ensure data security, and maintain independence, which is most demanded. There are 57 hospitals that calculated the prime cost of medical services for 2012 by each medical department and 20 hospitals that calculated the prime cost by fee-for-services, aiming to establish a cost accounting system. Our results indicate that hospitals should voluntarily provide the accurate prime cost for medical services in order to properly evaluate the adequacy of medical fee. Consequently, it is critical to establish an independent organization to collect and appraise the data. It is also recommended that government should implement various policies to encourage hospitals to participate in the data collection to achieve the data accuracy and representativeness.

• Journal of the Korean BIBLIA Society for library and Information Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.89-113
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• 2020

Libraries are one of the essential living infrastructures in urban regeneration. Beyond its meaning as a basic living infrastructure, it is necessary to first understand the role, nature and forms of participation in existing urban regeneration projects in order for libraries to perform their functions and roles effectively as participants of urban regeneration. Therefore, this study investigates the contents related to libraries in the contents of the strategic plan related to urban regeneration projects, and considers them in terms of the role of the library and the form of participation. Through this, the city's library would seek to maximize its role and function as a participant in urban regeneration. As a result, the library in urban regeneration is expected to improve the quality of living environment, Urban vitality, culturally, educationally, socially/welfare role closely related to life, and the role of community as a hub. In addition, the types of library participation could be largely divided into regional and geographical libraries, hybrid libraries combined with various services, libraries based on community cooperation and linkage, and regional community hub libraries based on community participation. In the future, the library needs to promote a more active role change based on the five roles expected as participants in urban regeneration. In addition, more detailed discussions on librarians, services, and programs, which are the main subjects of library services, will be needed in developing urban regeneration plans in order for libraries to successfully fulfill their role as urban regeneration centers.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2010

Purpose: 본 연구는 한국인 성인 조혈모세포이식환자를 대상으로 경구용 사이클로스포린의 집단약동학 분석을 통하여 사이클로스포린의 약동학적 파라미터에 영향을 미치는 요인 분석을 실시하고자 하였다. Methods: 2000년 12월부터 2006년 8월까지 서울대학교병원에서 동종조혈모세포이식을 받고 면역억제제로 사이클로스포린을 복용한 성인 백혈병환자를 대상으로 후향적으로 자료를 수집하였다. 사이클로스포린의 약동학에 영향을 미치는 인자로는 연령, 성별, 이식 후 날짜, 신기능, 공여자와의 관계, 질병의 종류, 혈중 빌리루빈 농도, 사이클로스포린의 대사를 유도하는 프레드니솔론의 투여량, 헤마토크리트, 사이클로스포린의 대사를 저해하는 약물의 병용여부 등을 검토하였다. 분석은 NONMEM$^{(R)}$ VI 프로그램을 이용하였으며, 변수를 추가하지 않은 기본 모형을 만든 후에 단계적인 요인의 추가와 제거를 통해 최종모형을 제작하였다. Results: 최종 상관 모형은 다음과 같다; CL/F (L/h) = $85.6{\times}e^{(0.646\;{\times}\;HCT/28.9\;+\;0.0464\;{\times}\;Gender)}$. 사이클로스포린의 겉보기 클리어런스는 환자의 성별이 남자일 때 또는 헤마토크릿이 감소할수록 증가하였다. 그 외 파라미터는 다음과 같이 계산되었다; $K_{\alpha}=0.0787\;(h^{-1})$; Q=57.1(L/kg/h); $V_{d-central\;compartment}$=1,100 (L); $V_{d-peripheral\;compartment}$ = 213,000(L). 개체간 편차는 40% 미만이었으며, 개체내 편차를 포함하는 잔차는 24.02%였다. Conclusions: 사이클로스포린의 약동학적 특징과 그 클리어런스에 영향을 끼칠 수 있는 임상적 요인을 이해하는 것은 환자 개개인의 용량과 용법의 결정 및 이상반응 발생의 예방에 유용할 수 있다. 한국인 조혈모세포이식환자에서 사이클로스포린의 약동학에 영향을 미치는 최종 파라미터를 구한 본 연구의 결과는 조혈모세포이식을 받은 한국인 성인환자에서 사이클로스포린의 모니터링 및 용량조절에 유용할 것으로 전망된다.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.111-122
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• 1996

The effects of external restraint on the thermal stresses i n mass concrete are investigated through a series of parametric study. Two major factors affecting the degree of external restraint such as the ratio of length to height of the placed structure (L/H) and the elastic modulus of base structure ($E_r$) are employed as the parameters in a condition which a placing height H is 1.0m. Various conditions of I,/H and E, are analysed by a FEM program and the relationship between these two parameters is examined. The shape of stress distribution due to the external restraint is shown as linearity on the height direction of the section, and is influenced by L/H, $E_r$, and strength development of placed concrete. The external restraint can be devided by two part. One is an axial restraint and the other is a flexural restraint. When the level of external restraint is low, the structure behavior is mainly governed by flexural restraint, otherwise it is dependent on axial restraint. Comparing the calculated stress by the method of the ACI 207 committee with a finite element analysis, the fbrmer overestimates the external restraint stress when the degree of external restraint is weak, and underestimates when it is strong.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.6 s.122
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• pp.355-361
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• 2004

In order to elucidate the ecophysiological characteristics of coastal plants, we collected them on salt marsh and sand dune, and analyzed inorganic ($Na^+,\;K^+,\;Mg^{2+},\;Ca^{2+}$) and organic solutes (soluble carbohydrate, glycine betaine). Chenopodiaceous plant species (Atriplex gmelini, Salicornia europaea, Salsola collina, Suaeda glauca, Suaeda japonica) showed a tendency to accumulate inorganic ions such as $Na^+\;and\;Cl^-$ instead of $K^+$. However, Chenopodium serotinum which lives in ruderal habitat contained more $K^+$ and less $Na^+$ than the other Chenopodiaceous plants. Most Chenopodiaceous plant species maintained very low level of soluble $Ca^{2+}$ and relatively low concentration of carbohydrates and showed high concentration of glycine betaine which is among the most effective known compatible solutes in the leaves of plant under drought and saline conditions. On the other hand, plant species which belong to Gramineae (Ishaemum anthephoroides, Phragmites communis, Zoysia sinica) and Cyperaceae (Carex kobomugi, Carex pumila) absorbed $K^+$ selectively and excluded $Na^+\;and\;Cl^-$ effectively regardless of habitat conditions, and they accumulated more soluble carbohydrate as osmoticum than Chenopodiaceous plants. These results suggested that physiological characteristics such as high storage capacity for inorganic ions (especially alkali cations, chloride) and the accumulation of glycine betaine in chenopodiaceous plants and $K^+$-preponderance, an efficient regulation of ionic uptake (exclusion of $Na^+\;and\;Cl^-$) and the accumulation of soluble carbohydrate in monocotyledonous plants enable them to grow dry and saline habitats.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.90-96
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• 2009

The high rising building construction makes increasing the requirement of high strength concrete. Especially, the workability analysis is related with dispersion of admixture such as SF for improving strength and FA, BS for reducing construction cost and improving durability of Ultra High Strength Concrete which has over 100 MPa of compressive strength is very important. Precisely, decreases dispersion because of lumping situation of each admixture and it causes the workability of admixture is decreased. Therefore, the workability of cement paste is tested for analyze effects of pre-mixed cement for solving those problems with it to this research. The summary of the results are like below. First of all, OBS is increasing workability more than OFS. This result causes that the glassy surface of BS in the OBS is increasing workability and the absorption of admixture of FA in the OFS is decreasing workability. In the case of mixing methods, pre-mixing method is increasing workability more than normal one. This result shows that the normal mixing method is bad dispersion of binders. The other side, the pre-mixing method is good. Furthermore, depending on the mixing time, according to the increasing mixing time such as 30, 60, and 120 seconds, the dispersion of binders and workability turns better.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.89-120
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• 2010

In this paper, we analyse empirically the relations between ownership structure and cash holdings of firms listed on Korea Securities Market and Kosdaq Market of Korea Exchange. The main results of this study can be summarized as follows. Cash holdings increase as large shareholder's equity holdings increase. Cash holdings increase as the difference between first largest shareholder's and second largest shareholder's equity holdings increase, and cash holdings increase as the ownership concentration increase. Managerial ownership exert a non-linear effects on cash holdings. So to speak, at lower level of managerial ownership, managers hold more cash to pursue their own interests at the expense of minority shareholders, but at higher level of managerial ownership, the interests of managers and shareholders are aligned, and also at highest level of managerial ownership, managers hold more cash to pursue their own interests at the expense of minority shareholders. Cash holdings increase larger in owner-controlled firm than in management-controlled firm. These results support the expropriation of minority shareholders hypothesis that large shareholders can extract private benefits from corporate resources under their control at the expense of minority shareholders. This paper contributes to defining information value of large shareholder's equity holdings on cash holdings for a firms' other stakeholders such as investors and creditors, and to strengthening a legal and institutional safeguard for external minority shareholders. Ownership concentration might have negatively affected the evolution of the legal and institutional frameworks for corporate governance and the manner in which economic activity is conducted. It could be a formidable barrier to future policy reform.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.529-535
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• 2015

Biological networks have been handled with the static concept. However, life phenomena in cells occur depending on the cellular state and the external environment, and only a few proteins and their interactions are selectively activated. Therefore, we should adopt the dynamic network concept that the structure of a biological network varies along the flow of time. This concept is effective to analyze the progressive transition of the disease. In this paper, we applied the proposed method to Alzheimer's disease to analyze the structural and functional characteristics of the disease network. Using gene expression data and protein-protein interaction data, we constructed the sub-networks in accordance with the progress of disease (normal, early, middle and late). Based on this, we analyzed structural properties of the network. Furthermore, we found module structures in the network to analyze the functional properties of the sub-networks using the gene ontology analysis (GO). As a result, it was shown that the functional characteristics of the dynamics network is well compatible with the stage of the disease which shows that it can be used to describe important biological events of the disease. Via the proposed approach, it is possible to observe the molecular network change involved in the disease progression which is not generally investigated, and to understand the pathogenesis and progression mechanism of the disease at a molecular level.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.285-294
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• 2018

Due to the low interest rates of banks according to the breakdown economy after the global financial crisis in 2008 As a substitute for financial products, the investment demand has been increased for rentable investment funds such as commercial building and officetel. However, the problems such as oversupply, decrease of a rental profit and negative perception of development projects have been occurred. One of the primary problems is the existing deterministic method of project feasibility analysis. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop feasibility model by applying system dynamics method in residential officetel. To achieve the objective, first, the previous studies are investigated. Second, the causal loop diagram is structured based on the collected data. Third, the feasibility model is developed through the causal loop diagram. Fourth, the effectiveness is validated and compared to collected actual data. The proposed model can be helpful whether or not conduct execution of an officetel development project to the decision makers.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.144-155
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• 2015

This paper is to understand investment's efficiency and performance of commercial real estate assets diversified by use and district. To do so, this paper divides two different commercial real estate markets(office build market and retail real estate market) in Seoul city by district into "GBD(Gangnam Business District), YBD(Yeouido Business District), and CBD(Central Business District)" and "GBD(Gangnam Business District), SBD(Shinchon Business District), and CBD(Central Business District)" respectively, configures these districts each other to structure portfolios as its portion varies based on Markowitz's Mean-Variance principle, and looks at risk-return relationship of portfolios to find out efficiency, performance, and optimal investment chosen based upon Sharpe's Performance Index. As a result, the portfolio configured by "10 to 30% of office building asset at CBD" and "70 to 90% of retail real estate asset at CBD" is shown to be the most optimal, suggesting the highest quarterly Sharpe's performance index of 2.7118~2.7776 with quarterly rate of return of 1.826%~1.838% and quarterly standard deviation of 0.573~0.589. Furthermore, it is obvious that diversified portfolio configured by use(office-retail) shows better investment performance than that by district with same type of asset(office-office or retail-retail). Finally, results driven from this research will play an important role to stimulate real estate and construction markets through enlarging ideas as to diversified investment by use and district on real estate indirect investment products.