• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.231-247
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• 2016

This study, according to the amendment of the Act on External Audit, on the basis of the number of input auditors, the content of auditing, and audit times as additional informations, calculates the average of the samples listed companies with assets of one hundred billion KRW. However, since the actual number of the subject corporations of which asset is 100 billion KRW is small, it is difficult to extract data with reference to this asset size. Therefore, the samples were extended to 50 corporations of which asset is 10% less than 100 billion KRW and other 50 more corporations of which asset is 10% more than 100 billion KRW. As a result, a total of 100 corporations were included as samples. To calculate the average of the audit times, a t-test was performed between the two groups. The result of the t-test showed that there is not a significant difference between the two groups. According to the analytical results of the t-test, the average of the number of input auditors and the average of audit times were calculated with respect to all the 100 samples. A further analysis showed that the average of audit content in the present study was compared with the estimated values in the study of Mun (2016). Although the results of this study may not be the optimal number, they may be used as a fundamental index which may be compared with the audit times and the audit fees in the current audit market where there is not an available reference. In addition, the amendment of the Act on External Audit may enhance the independence of auditors and the transparency of accounting system when compared with the previous system where only the total audit times were disclosed.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.242-246
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• 2010

In this paper, we propose a quality assessment method of biometrics for estimating an authentication result in an user authentication system. The proposed quality assessment method is designed to compute a quality score called CIMR (Confidence Interval Matching Ratio) as a result by small-sample analysis like T-test. We use the C/MR-based quality assessment method for testing how to well draw a distinction between various biometrics in a multimodal biometric system. We also test a predictability for authentication results of obtained biometrics using the mean $\bar{X}$ and the variance $s^2$ in T-test-based CIMR. As a result, we achieved the maximum 88% accuracy for estimation of user authentication results.

• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 2019

This study examines the impact of modular robot programming education on middle school informatics curriculum learning motivation. For this purpose, the experiment was conducted with a experimental group of 25 people and a control group of 25 people, and modular robot programming education and learning motivation test were used as research tools. As a result of processing the results of the learning motivation test paper with the independent sample t-test and the paired t-test, the experimental group had 9.36 points higher learning motivation than the control group and 15.44 points higher than the pre-test. In particular, it significantly affected the improvement of all the sub-components of the learning motivation, and among them, it greatly affected the enhancement of attention, relevance and satisfaction. In conclusion, it can be seen that modular robot programming education has a positive effect on improving students' motivation to learn the informatics curriculum.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.391-396
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• 2020

This study was to examined the effect of chain types exercise of lower limbs on the motor performance differences for the life-carement. For this, twenty normal adult women participated and they were examined the differences of exercise effects about abdominal muscle activity and balance ability by applying two types of chain exercise. In order to identify the differences we let them conduct exercise for 4 weeks with each type of exercise. And we used paired t-test and Independent sample t-test for comparing the differences in the group and inter groups. There was a significant difference in the value of 0.05 to verify statistical significance. As a result of this research, it was found that closed chain exercise is more effective than open chain exercise in muscle activity and balance function. Therefore, in the clinical therapeutic environment, if you apply chain exercise for patient to improve lower limb motor performance, we would recommend the close kinematic chain exercise.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.177-182
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• 2022

This study aim to verify the difference in muscle activity due to difference in the direction of the stroking method for the stroke direction of the muscles using a tool made by a 3D printer. The subjects were conducted with 20 healthy adults in their 20s, and IASTM applied the intervention of the perpendicular stroking on the direction of muscle driving and intervention of the pararell stroking on the direction of muscle driving, with 10 each deployed. All subjects measured the muscle activity before intervention, and the muscle activity was measured and compared with the independent T test and the paired T test. The results of this study showed a significant increase in muscle activity in vertical groups, although the muscle activity in horizontal groups decreased. It was that differences in direction are significant in the application of IASTM.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.595-607
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• 2010

This paper addresses the problem of reducing the speckle noise in SAR images by wavelet transformation, using a non-local means(NLM) filter originated for Gaussian noise removal. Log-transformed SAR image makes multiplicative speckle noise additive. Thus, non-local means filtering and wavelet thresholding are used to reduce the additive noise, followed by an exponential transformation. NLM filter is an image denoising method that replaces each pixel by a weighted average of all the similarly pixels in the image. But the NLM filter takes an acceptable amount of time to perform the process for all possible pairs of pixels. This paper, also proposes an alternative strategy that uses the t-test more efficiently to eliminate pixel pairs that are dissimilar. Extensive simulations showed that the proposed filter outperforms many existing filters terms of quantitative measures such as PSNR and DSSIM as well as qualitative judgments of image quality and the computational time required to restore images.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.231-240
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• 2006

It is well understood that a paired comparison (paired t test) provides better precision than a group comparison (two-sample t test), when the pairing is effective (the variation within a pair is small). However, when the variation among the pairs is sufficiently small, the group comparison is likely to yield a better result. To get a statistical explanation of this, we examine the two methods through an analogy to one-way and two-way analysis of variance. We introduce a new measure, R statistic, which is the ratio of their confidence interval lengths, as a quantitative criterion for comparing the two methods. The distribution of the Rf statistic is described by t and F distribution functions. Through this characterization, we show that the paired comparison can be better than group comparison when the variation among the pairs is statistically significantly large.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.33-40
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• 2014

At present, Cadastral map of 2 dimensional is in the stream of changing it to 3 dimensional type supported by GPS and laser techniques. In addition, this steam can be explained at the same time with improvement of equipment of storing much information, support of equipment for imaginative 3D spatial information, and support of equipment of expressing land in 3D Cadastral. This study suggest to apply airborne lidar survey technique on cadastral map to acquire comparably and quickly detailed height of ground. For doing this, this study checked out credibility regarding accuracy of airborne lider survey. After choosing research area, this study has done the airborne lidar survey and acquire the result after surveying Cadastral Comparison Point to check out the accuracy of acquired results. In addition, this study check out the result of Cadastral Comparison Point and airborne lidar survey applied by paired sample t-test based on actual results. The result is that test statistics is 0.322 which is 5 % similar level and null hypothesis cannot be rejected, so this study found out that result of both survey ways are the same. Therefore, the result of airborne lidar survey can be utilized to build up 3D Cadastral information hereafter.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.109-120
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• 2017

Even though domestic construction companies are expanding into overseas construction markets, the profitability of overseas project are decreasing and finally some biggest domestic construction companies recorded heavy deficit one after another in 2013. Contract management, which is very deeply related to profitability, is the most difficult area to domestic construction companies, especially in Middle East and Asia where they have the highest market share and a high level of contract management is required. The purpose of this study is to assess their contract management competences to help them improve contract management skills and strategies. First, we defined the overseas project contract management process and selected competences from the each process stage. Then, we conducted a survey with overseas project experts. For considering their competences from various angles, we divided survey groups into domestic construction groups and other groups (Contract consultancy agencies and Construction research institutes) to understand the internal and external perspective of the domestic construction companies' contract management competences. The results of survey was analyzed by using paired samples t-test, Borich Needs Assessment Model and Independent t-test. We expected that the results of this study could contributes to establish strategies for enhancing the domestic construction companies' contract management competencies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.291-301
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to develop HTE-STEAM program using natural disasters for high school students and to verify their attitude and satisfaction with STEAM. We developed the HTE-STEAM program utilizing natural disasters and tested the effectiveness of 243 students from G High School and N High School. For data analysis, a single group pretest and post response t-test were conducted to verify the effects on attitudes and satisfaction with STEAM. The research results are as follows. First, we developed STEAM education programs for high school students by selecting the topic of "natural disasters" in the area of earth science and flying drones as lifesaving drones. The six-hour program was designed to give students the experience to solve problems by applying essential knowledge related to natural disasters and drones, and what they learned in other situations. Second, there was a significant statistical test result in the t-test of the corresponding sample by the difference between the pre and post score of the STEAM attitude test (p <.05). The drone-based HTE-STEAM program had a significant improvement in the overall attitude toward STEAM education, which consists of seven subfactors. Third, in the HTE-STEAM satisfaction test, the average value of the lower job offer was 3.64 ~ 3.76, which showed a positive response overall. It is judged that the students' satisfaction is improved through the students' understanding of the problem situation and the design of creative convergence and production process.