• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.183-188
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• 2003

Bactericidal effect of $Green-Zone^{(TM)}$ was observed, when Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, S. enteritidis, Listeria monocytogenes, the causative bacteria of food poisoning, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Shigella sonnei were treated with the diluted solution of $Green-Zone^{(TM)}$(33.3%~4.1%) for 30min at $20^{\circ}C$. All the bacteria were killed in 30 sec, when 33.3%-diluted $Green-Zone^{(TM)}$ was applied, except for S. aureus. Coronavirus, the same virus with SARS virus taxonomically, was also lilled with the 20%-diluted $Green-Zone^{(TM)}$. Canine parvovirus and Canine distermper virus were also killed even in the organic matter and hard water when treated with $Green-Zone^{(TM)}$. When applied to food such as raw fish, chilled meat, vegetables, $Green-Zone^{(TM)}$ could also decrease the number of microorganism, expecially for E. Coli. From these results, $Green-Zone^{(TM)}$ is thought to be effective for killing virus and bacteria, and also was proved to be safe when applied directrly to food.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1981

Shigella is one of the most prevalent pathogens for the diarrhoeal diseases in the developing countries. One hundered and six strains of shigella were isolated from January 1980 to August 1981 at the dept. of clinical pathology, Han Yang Medical Center. Subgroups of these strains were identified as one strain of S. dysenteriae, 98 strains of S. flexneri and 7 strains of S. sonnei. None of S. boydii was observed. Sex ratio, male to female was 48 to 58. Age distribution disclosed 6 cases under one year, 11 cases one to under 2 years and 21 cases(19.8%) two to under 3 years. Subtotal of 0 to 9 years showed 64 cases(60.4%). Susceptibility for antibiotics of these strains revealed dibekacin 100%, sisomicin 100%, amikacin 98.1%, cefazolin 97.2%, tobramycin 97.1%, gentamicin 95.2%, colistin 93.0%, minocycline 89.6%, kanamycin 83.0%, carbenicillin 18.9%, streptomycin 18.9%, tmp-smz 8.6%, ampicillin 2.8% and chloramphenicol 1.9%. Patterns of resistance to sulfa, streptomycin, chloramphenical and tetracycline have already started at the early part of 1960 decade. Although ampicillin was highly sensitive to shigella at the end of 1960 to the early part of 1970 decade, this study has disclosed high resistance to the strains. New antibiotics such as amikacin, cefazolin, dibekacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin have revealed highly sensitive to these strains, however, multiresistance for those antibiotics will be shown to be prevalent in this country within several years, where it is probably related to the unrestricted sale and use of antibiotics in man.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.250-253
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• 1987

The transfer of the isolated nuclei from P. florida into protoplasts of P. ostreatus was induced with polyethylene glycol and $CaCl_2$. Three types of transfer products of nuclei were obtained when transferred to MMM. Type 1 colonies were more vigrously growing mycelium and stable on MCM. One of the type 1 colonies, appeared segregation on MCM plus benomyl. The mycelium did not form clamp connection. These results suggest that type 1 colonies were nuclear hybrids or allodiploids. Type 2 was main products of nuclear transfer. The mycelium formed clamp connection and fertile on sawdust media. Type 3 was very slow growing or non-viable colonies after debris of nuclei or chromosomes transfer into recipient protoplasts. Isozyme pattern of esterase in type 1 produced a new band. Type 2 and type 3 could be characterized by parental bands.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.54-63
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• 1990

These studies were made to assess the present stage of resistance of Shigella species to antibiotics and to find characteristics of R-plasmid of these bacteria. From 1986 to 1988, 125 strains of Shigella species were isolated from patients specimens collected in Chung Cheong-do Hospital, Kyunghee Medical Center, city an provincial health & environmental institutes. These specimens were tested for resistance to 12 kinds of antimicrobial agents by agar dilution method. Using Muller-Hinton agar for the assay of drug resistance and Trypticane Soy Broth as propagating medium for conjugation. All the strains (100%) were resistant to one or more antibiotics. Drug resistance patterns of isolated strains were found as the highest resistance to ampicillin (98%) in 1986, to tetracycline (98%) in 1987, to tetracycline (100%) in 1988, all strains were sensitive to gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin. Chronologically, resistance decreased gradually as it was shown in relation to kanamycin, rifampicin in 1986, 1987 and 1988, (4%, 2%) (4%, 2%) (0%, 0%) respectively. But, resistance was increased year by year as it was shown in relation to tetracycline, nalidixic acid, streptomycin in 1986, 1987, 1988 (89%, 19%, 45%) (98%, 46%, 71%) and (100%, 58%, 88%). The resistance in correlation to more than 5 drugs, which was 13 strains among 47 strains in 1986, 38 strains among 87 strains in 1987, 23 strains among 26 strains in 1988, was increased gradually. In the transfer test of drug resistance by conjugation methods, the rate which was 3 strains (50%) in 1986, 8 strains (62%) in 1987, 3 strains (100%) in 1988, was increased gradually. When the donor strains were conjugated with the recipient strains, the conjugation rate was high in the multiple resistant strains. The relationships of transferring patterns of drug resistance and molecular weight of R-plasmid were variable. However, only a plasmid which has more than 35 Mgd was transferred.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.221-227
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• 2001

Heat shock proteins serve as chaperone by preventing the aggregation of denatured proteins and promote survival of pathogens in harsh environments. In bacteria, ethanol shock induced the major chaperone GroEL and DnaK, but in Streptococcus pneumoniae, it induced neither GroEL nor DnaK but alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). In this study, ADH gene encoding a 104-kDa (p104) protein was identified and characterized. The deduced amino acid sequence of pneumococcal ADH shows homology with other members of the ADH family, and particularly with Entamoeba histolytica ADH2 and E. coli ADH. S. pneumoniae adh is composed of 883 amino acids and its estimated isoelectric point is 6.09. Although ADH is conserved between S. pneumoniae and E. coli, immunoblot analysis employing antisera raised against pneumococcus ADH demonstrated no cross-reactivity with ADH analog in Eschericha coli, Staphylococcus aureus and human HeLa cells. Also secretion of ADH was demonstrated by subcellular fractionation and immunoblot analysis of proteins. These results suggest that S. pneumoniae ADH could be a highly feasible candidate for both diagnostic marker and vaccine.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.501-508
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• 2013

We have researched heterogeneity of naturalized river plant community by ${\beta}$-diversity for restoration of river community which has high diversity plant species. As a result the average of heterogeneity was 0.32(range 0.23~0.37) from the river to the inland. This value shows community turnover of species composition of plant communities 6 times. The ${\beta}$-diversity was no difference among water system of Seomjin river, Han river, Nakdong river and Geum river. The upper-river valley(0.36) was higher than lower-river valley(0.23) in each water system(p level<0.05). Multiple regressing analysis was used for look the relationship with Environmental factors as a result, it shows ${\beta}$-diversity significant on a slope. River mimetic diagram with dominant species that appear through Belt-transect painted. Dominant plant species turned 6 time in upper-river and turned about 5 time in lower-river. The result of this study suggested practical basis of planting species and planting pattern. To improve species diversity of river plant community, slope degree raise is the most important.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.66-73
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• 2009

Temperature phase anaerobic co-digestion process was conducted with the one to one mixture of food wastewater with livestock wastewater, and the presence and the dynamics of various pathogenic microorganisms was analyzed. The mixture contained various enteric and pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli. Enterobacteriaceae, Coliform bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria, and Yeast. Anaerobic digestion has become stabilized around 21 days after the reaction started, showing about 80% to 90% of remarkable reduction rates of microorganisms until this period in acidogenic reactor (AR) and methanogenic reactor (MR), respect ively. After stabilization, the average reduction rate of organic matter was recorded as around 60% in MR. Most microorganisms in the effluent were not detected at around the last period of the reaction, except Listeria and S. aureus, which showed the growth even at the last day of the reaction.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.27-37
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• 1979

Ninety-five strains of Shigella, 70 of Salmonella paratyphi A, and 230 of Salmonella typhi were tested for their resistance to drugs. Also studied was the inhibition and elimination of drug resistance. All except one strain of Shigella consisted of 79 Sh. flexneri and 16 Sh. sonnei were multiply resistant to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, and splfisomidine. Among them, 70 strains were resistant to ampicillin and carbenicillin, 80 to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 22 to nalidixic acid, and one to kanamycin, but strain resistant to gentamicin, cephaloridine, and rifampin was not encountered. All strains of S. paratyphi A and S. typhi were susceptible to drugs tested, except sulfisomidine and rifampin, for which all S. paratyphi A were slightly resistant to sulfisomidine and the majority of S. paratyphi A and S. typhi were slightly resistant to rifampin. Approximately 80% of multiply drug-resistant Shigella transferred their resistance to E. coli by conjugation, and the resistance was considered to be mediated by R plasmids. The frequency of transfer of drug resistance varied by donor strains and recipients, but not by selecting drugs. Resistance to nalidixic acid was not transferred by conjugation to the recipients. Drug-resistant Shigella strains successively subcultured in nutrient agar stabs contained clones resistant to drugs and those susceptible to drugs, but the ratio of resistant and susceptible clones varied by strains. The multiply drug-resistant S. typhi and Shigella strains were found to not lose completely their drug resistance by subculture in media. Acriflavine has some effect on the elimination of drug resistance mediated by R plasmids, but the effect varied markedly by strains. Atabrine has no effect among strains tested. The combination of drugs increased the drug actions in majority of cases with synergistic or additive effects.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.377-382
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• 1993

Rice (Oryza saliva L.) calli containing both embryogenic callus (EC) and non embryogenic callus (NEC) regions were initiated from the mature seed on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L 2,4-D, 0.5 mg/L kinetin. The calli were developed into two callus type which can be distinguished by visual examination depending on color and appearance. In order to illucidate the polypeptide composition between EC and NEC, the total protein extracted from two types of callus was analysed by electrophoresis. By one-dimesional anlaysis of SDS-PAGE and Isoelectric focusing, several protein bands showed quantitative and qualitative difference in each type of callus. The further analysis of the total protein with two-dimensional electrophoresis showed at least 20 EC specific protein and 10 NE specific protein. Also 3 specific protein spots showing micro heterogeneity of 90, 65, 50 kD were detected in EC, while a series of acidic heterologous protein spots were visualized in NEC.in NEC.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.61-71
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• 2018

Purpose: Research on the clinical role of Staphylococcus aureus as a pathogen in acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children has been scarce. This study aimed to clarify the prevalence and clinical correlation of S. aureus detection in children with AGE. Methods: Fecal samples were collected from children with symptoms of AGE who visited a secondary hospital between January 2012 and December 2015. The samples were sent to the Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment to test for pathogenic organisms. Clinical patterns were analyzed through medical record review. Results: Among the 663 participants, the bacteria detection rate was 26.2% (n=174), the virus detection rate was 29.7% (n=197), and the non-detection rate was 43.1% (n=286). S. aureus was tested positive from 102 cases and was confirmed as a single pathogen in 53 cases. It was the third most common pathogen. The prevalence by age was highest (45.3%) in 0-2 year-olds. Most cases occurred in summer. Symptoms included diarrhea (71.7%), vomiting (67.9%), fever (49.1%), and abdominal pain (37.7%). Only vomiting showed a significant difference between the S. aureus group and the non-detection group (67.9% vs. 43.0%; P=0.001). Among enterotoxins, the higher incidence of vomiting was associated with classical staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, and SEE) and SEH (P=0.027). Conclusions: S. aureus was the bacteria commonly isolated from children with AGE. Our study identified cases of staphylococcal AGE in children based on fecal samples and confirmed the characteristic symptoms, affected age groups, seasonal distribution, and correlation with enterotoxins.