• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.809-815
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• 2015

In this study, we confirmed biological compounds from methanol (MeOH) extract of processed Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PPMR), and the radical scavenging effect and oxidative stress protective activity of MeOH extract of PPMR were investigated under in vitro conditions using LLC-$PK_1$ renal epithelial cells. In HPLC analysis, MeOH extract of PPMR contained four species of biological compounds named 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside, emodin, chrysophanol, and rhein. 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside was detected as the main compound in PPMR as 115.02 mg/kg. MeOH extract of PPMR showed 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities in a concentration- dependent manner. In particular, upon $50{\mu}g/mL$ of PPMR extract treatment, DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities were approximately 48.4%, 57.9%, and 81.2%, respectively. LLC-$PK_1$ cell viability declined in response to oxidative stress induced by pyrogallol, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) generators of NO, $O_2{^-}$, and $ONOO^-$, respectively. However, MeOH extract of PPMR significantly and dose-dependently inhibited oxidative-stressed LLC-$PK_1$ cell cytotoxicity. In fact, upon $50{\mu}g/mL$ of PPMR extract treatment, LLC-$PK_1$ cell viabilities were approximately 82.1%, 89.1%, and 77.6% compared to stress levels induced by pyrogallol, SNP, and SIN-1, respectively.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.3 s.45
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• pp.139-153
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• 2006

For the characteristics of rock material and standardization, flagstones of the trifurcated path in Jongmyo Royal Shrine, registered as World Cultural Heritage, were studied on the basis of petrographic, petrochemical and magnetic properties. The flagstones are composed mainly of pale gray fine to medium grained hornblende biotite granite, pale gray fine to medium grained biotite granite, pale pink medium to coarse grained biotite granite, pink medium to coarse grained biotite granite and minor pegmatite and schist. Flagstone represents the average size of $65cm{\times}4cm$ (standard deviation $12cm{\times}7cm$) and suitable (34.7%), common (41.4%) and unsuitable (23%) in roughness. It is interpreted that pale pink and pink granite, pegmatite, schist and other flagstones with unsuitable state are not original rock materials and were exchanged during restoration, in the past. The number of these non-original rock materials is about 560 flagstones. We suggests that the standard flagstone of the trifurcated path is pale gray fine to medium grained biotite granite (${\pm}$hornblende in trace), 70wt.% in $SiO_2$, content, and ${\pm}0.1{\times}10^{-3}\;SI$ in magnetic susceptibility.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.53
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• pp.163-192
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• 2018

The purpose of this paper was to examine universal dependency UD application cases of Korean and Japanese with similar morphological characteristics. In addition, UD application and improvement methods of Korean were examined through comparative analysis. Korean and Japanese are very well developed due to their agglutinative characteristics. Therefore, there are many difficulties to apply UD which is built around English refraction. We examined the application of UPOS and DEPREL as components of UD with discussions. In UPOS, we looked at category problem related to narrative such as AUX, ADJ, and VERB, We examined how to handle units. In relation to the DEPREL annotation system, we discussed how to reflect syntactic problem from the basic unit annotation of syntax tags. We investigated problems of case and aux arising from the problem of setting dominant position from Korean and Japanese as the dominant language. We also investigated problems of annotation of parallel structure and setting of annotation basic unit. Among various relation annotation tags, case and aux are discussed because they show the most noticeable difference in distribution when comparing annotation tag application patterns with Korean. The case is related to both Korean and Japanese surveys. Aux is a secondary verb in Korean and an auxiliary verb in Japanese. As a result of examining specific annotation patterns, it was found that Japanese aux not only assigned auxiliary clauses, but also auxiliary elements to add the grammatical meaning to the verb and form corresponding to the end of Korean. In UD annotation of Japanese, the basic unit of morphological analysis is defined as a unit of basic syntactic annotation in Japanese UD annotation. Thus, when using information, it is necessary to consider how to use morphological analysis unit as information of dependency annotation in Korean.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.44-48
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• 2019

Objectives: Insomnia is one of the most prevalent sleep disorders. Recent studies suggest that cognitive and physical arousal play an important role in the generation of primary insomnia. Studies have also shown that information processing disorders due to cortical hyperactivity might interfere with normal sleep onset and sleep continuity. Therefore, focusing on central nervous system arousal and normalizing the information process have become current topics of interest. It has been well known that neurofeedback can reduce the brain hyperarousal by modulating patients' brain waves during a sequence of behavior therapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of neurofeedback therapy on electroencephalography (EEG) characteristics in patients with primary insomnia. Methods: Thirteen subjects who met the criteria for an insomnia diagnosis and 14 control subjects who were matched on sex and age were included. Neurofeedback and sham treatments were performed in a random order for 30 minutes, respectively. EEG spectral power analyses were performed to quantify effects of the neurofeedback therapy on brain wave forms. Results: In patients with primary insomnia, relative spectral theta and sigma power during a therapeutic neurofeedback session were significantly lower than during a sham session ($13.9{\pm}2.6$ vs. $12.2{\pm}3.8$ and $3.6{\pm}0.9$ vs. $3.2{\pm}1.0$ in %, respectively; p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant changes in other EEG spectral bands. Conclusion: For the first time in Korea, EEG spectral power in the theta band was found to increase when a neurofeedback session was applied to patients with insomnia. This outcome might provide some insight into new interventions for improving sleep onset. However, the treatment response of insomniacs was not precisely evaluated due to limitations of the current pilot study, which requires follow-up studies with larger samples in the future.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.62-67
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• 2018

Hunter syndrome, also known as mucopolysaccharidosis Type II (MPS II), is one of the lysosomal storage diseases caused by a lack of the enzyme iduronate 2-sulfatase (I2S). Lack of the I2S enzyme activity leads to accumulation of the glycosaminoglycans (GAG), causing dysfunction of multiple organs and systems. MPS II is an X-linked recessive disease due to mutation of IDS gene located on long arm of the X chromosome (Xq28). To date, more than 350 mutations of IDS gene have been identified in Hunter syndrome. Phenotypes of MPS II are classified as either severe or attenuated depending on the degree of cognitive impairment. Because the phenotype of MPS II is related to the type of mutation, identifying mutations is useful in predicting prognosis. We recently had a case of MPS II diagnosed by exome sequencing in a 7 month old boy with infantile spasm uncontrolled by AED. He was diagnosed with hearing loss at 2 months of age, and he took vigabatrin and prednisolone to control infantile spasms diagnosed at 3 months of age. At 6 months of age, whole exome sequencing was performed to evaluate the infantile spasm and hearing loss in this patient, and the mutation c.851C>T (p.Pro284Leu) inherited from hemizygous mother was revealed. The results of urine Cetylpyridinium Chloride (CPC) precipitation test, which were negative until 8 months of age, were positive from 9 months of age. We report a case of MPS II diagnosed by exome sequencing and treated through enzyme replacement therapy from 9 months after birth.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.102-109
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• 2021

In this study, the effect of forage sources in the total mixed ration (TMR) on in vitro goat rumen fermentation was investigated. Rice straw (RS), Italian ryegrass (IRG), timothy (TIM), and alfalfa (ALF) were used as forage sources. Each forage source was mixed with a commercial goat concentrate diet in the ratio of 1:1. Total 4 TMR were prepared. Rumen simulated in vitro fermentation using goat rumen fluid collected from the slaughterhouse was conducted until 72^th. For fermentation parameters, gas production (GP), volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) were examined. All assays were performed at 24^th, 48^th, and 72^th h of incubation individually. Contents of crude protein and non-fibrous carbohydrate were greater in the order of RS < IRG < TIM < ALF. Significant treatment effects were found in valerate and NH₃-N at 24^th h of incubation (p<0.05). ALF showed the greatest contents of them and RS was the lowest. At 48^th incubation, a significant effect was detected at GP (p<0.05) and RS was greater than others. However, GP of RS was lower than others at 72^th. Significant effects on Total VFA, butyrate, and valerate productions were found at 72^th h of incubation (p<0.05). ALF showed the greatest production. Methane production from all treatments was not significantly different for each incubation time (p>0.05). The present study provided primary information on how goat rumen fermentation responds to different nutrient contents and forage sources of TMR. And the information could be used for the design or optimizing economical diet formulation for goats.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.39-54
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• 2021

Damyang Wetland, a riverine wetland, has been designated as the first wetland protection area in South Korea and is a candidate area for the Mudeungsan Area UNESCO Global Geopark. The Damyang Wetland area is the upstream part of the Yeongsan River and is now a relatively wide plain. To reconstruct the sedimentary environment around the Damyang Wetland, core samples were obtained, and sedimentary facies analysis, AMS and OSL age dataings, grain size, and geochemical analyses were carried out. In addition, comprehensive sedimentary environment changes were reconstructed using previous core data obtained from this wetland area. In the Yeongsan River upstream area, where the Damyang Wetland is located, fluvial terrace deposits formed during the late Pleistocene are distributed in an area relatively far from the river. As a gravel layer is widely distributed throughout the plains, Holocene sediments were likely deposited in a braided river environment when the sea level stabilized after the middle Holocene. Then, as the sedimentary environment changed from a braided river to a meandering river, the influx of sand-dominated sediments increased, and a floodplain environment was formed around the river. In addition, based on the pollen data, it is inferred that the climate was warm and humid around 6,000 years ago, with wetland deposits forming afterward. The the trench survey results of the river area around the Damyang Wetland show that a well-rounded gravel layer occurs in the lower part, covered by the sand layer. The Damyang Wetland was likely formed after the construction of Damyang Lake in the 1970s, as muddy sediments were deposited on the sand layer.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.143-159
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• 2024

Natural aggregate is an essential resource for human activities, closely related to construction. The aggregate demand has been increasing annually, and due to the nature of the resource, it is difficult to procure from distant locations. This study identifies the distribution and characteristics of aggregate-bearing areas as part of a municipal-level aggregate resource survey conducted in Nonsan City, Korea, in 2023. Nonsan City is located approximately 35 km straight distance from the Geum River estuary and lies at the passageway of the main stream of the Geum River. The topography of Nonsan City features eastern mountainous areas and western plains, creating an east-high-west-low geomorphic setting, with 33 streams distributed across the city, including tributaries of the Geum River like Nonsan Stream, Noseong Stream, and Ganggyeong Stream. All streams originate from the highlands in the north and east, converge with Nonsan Stream, and then join the west bank of the main stream of the Geum River at the western boundary of Nonsan City. Drilling core results show shallow depths in the highlands to the north and east, deepening towards the west, reaching a maximum depth of 25 m near the main stream of the Geum River. The total reserve of land aggregates is calculated to be 246,789,000 m³, with a developable amount of 172,750,000 m³. The total reserve of river aggregates is 5,236,000 m³, with a developable amount of 3,765,000 m³. The distribution of aggregates varies according to the geomorphic, geologic, and development pattern of the river system. Reserves are scarce in mountainous areas but are abundant in regions with rivers and wide alluvial plains, although reserves appear at depths greater than 4m. The distribution of aggregate resources in Nonsan City is influenced by stream activities and sea level changes, with the tidal range of the Yellow Sea acting as an unfavorable condition for the preservation of aggregate resources.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.342-352
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• 2023

Ultra-violet (UV) light is one of abiotic stress factors and causes oxidative stress in plants, but a suitable level of UV radiation can be used to enhance the phytochemical content of plants. The accumulation of antioxidant phenolic compounds in UV-exposed plants may vary depending on the conditions of plant (species, cultivar, age, etc.) and UV (wavelength, energy, irradiation period, etc.). To date, however, little research has been conducted on how leaf thickness affects the pattern of phytochemical accumulation. In this study, we conducted an experiment to find out how the antioxidant phenolic content of kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) leaves with different thicknesses react to UV-A light. Kale seedlings were grown in a controlled growth chamber for four weeks under the following conditions: 20℃ temperature, 60% relative humidity, 12-hour photoperiod, light source (fluorescent lamp), and photosynthetic photon flux density of 121±10 µmol m^-2 s^-1. The kale plants were then transferred to two chambers with different CO₂ concentrations (382±3.2 and 1,027±11.7 µmol mol^-1), and grown for 10 days. After then, each group of kale plants were subjected to UV-A LED (275+285 nm at peak wavelength) light of 25.4 W m^-2 for 5 days. As a result, when kale plants with thickened leaves from treatment with high CO₂ were exposed to UV-A, they had lower UV sensitivity than thinner leaves. The Fv/Fm (maximum quantum yield on photosystem II) in the leaves of kale exposed to UV-A in a low-concentration CO₂ environment decreased abruptly and significantly immediately after UV treatment, but not in kale leaves exposed to UV-A in a high-concentration CO₂ environment. The accumulation pattern of total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and individual phenolic compounds varied according to leaf thickness. In conclusion, this experiment suggests that the UV intensity should vary based on the leaf thickness (age etc.) during UV treatment for phytochemical enhancement.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.82-88
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• 2011

Purpose: This study aims to describe the clinical characteristics of adrenal insufficiency-associated hypotension in preterm infants and the effects of hydrocortisone therapy on their cardiovascular system and serum electrolytes. Methods: Twelve preterm infants less than 32 gestational weeks admitted to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital from January 2007 to August 2009 with clinical and laboratory findings suggestive of adrenal insufficiency were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Gestational age was 27.8${\pm}$2.5 weeks and birth weight was 1,110${\pm}$307 g. Postnatal age, postmenstrual age, weight at the onset of adrenal insufficiency-associated hypotension were 19${\pm}$7 day, 30.6${\pm}$2.4 weeks, 1,285${\pm}$365 g. In preterm infants who showed vasopressor resistance, intravenous hydrocortisone was started with a stress dose of 4 mg/kg/day, maintained for 2.2${\pm}$0.7 days, and then tapered. Serum cortisol concentration before hydrocortisone administration was 11.6${\pm}$4.1 mg/dL. Mean blood pressure increased from 25.0${\pm}$5.4 mmHg to 35.0${\pm}$5.3 mmHg, 38.3${\pm}$8.0 mmHg and 41.9${\pm}$6.5 mmHg at time of hydrocortisone administration and 2, 4 and 6 hours after hydrocortisone administration. Urine output increased from 0.9${\pm}$0.6 mL/kg/hr to 4.1${\pm}$3.4 mL/kg/hr. Twelve hours after the administration of hydrocortisone, dopamine requirement decreased from 11.0${\pm}$2.9 $\mu$g/kg/min to 8.0${\pm}$2.3 $\mu$g/kg/min, and to 5.5${\pm}$3.4 ${\mu}g$/kg/min after 24 hours. Serum sodium concentration was increased from 130${\pm}$4 mEq/L to 136${\pm}$4 mEq/L, serum potassium concentration was decreased from 6.1${\pm}$1.1 mEq/L to 4.6${\pm}$0.6 mEq/L before and 12 hours after hydrocortisone administration. Conclusion: In preterm infants with adrenal insufficiency-associated hypotension, hydrocortisone administration improved blood pressure and urine output, decreased vasopressor requirement, and normalized serum electrolyte abnormalities.