• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.187-192
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• 2014

This study was conducted to develop a salad dressing using jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Miller) puree and to evaluate the processing and quality characteristics of the salad dressing containing various amounts (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%) of jujube puree. Jujube puree was prepared by crushing peeled, deseeded and steamed fruit flesh. The dressing ingredients (jujube flesh puree, soy sauce, vinegar, oligosaccharide, olive oil, and water) were mixed, homogenized, and packaged in glass bottles. The quality characteristics (color property, total titratable acidity, soluble solids, viscosity, phenolic compound content, antioxidant activity, and sensory acceptability) of the dressing were analyzed. The lightness ($L^*$) and redness ($a^*$) of the dressing tended to increase as the amount of the jujube puree increased whereas the hue angle ($h^{\circ}$) decreased. The total titratable acidity, soluble solids, viscosity, phenolic compound content, and antioxidant activity of the dressing increased with the addition of more jujube puree. The sensory acceptability (color, smell, taste, texture, and overall acceptability) were significantly higher in the dressing added with 30% added jujube puree than in the other samples. The results show that jujube flesh puree (approximately 30%) can be utilized as an additive for preparing a dressing with simultaneously high antioxidant activity and acceptability.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.109-119
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• 1987

This Study was conducted to provide fundamental data necessary for the improvement of milk quality. Milk quality was evaluated by 3 methods; milk fat percent measurement, methylene blue reduction test (MBRT), and somatic cell count measurement. At the same time, condition of hygienic management of dairy facilities and cows was investigated in each of 234 dairy farms located in Gyunggi area from May, 1986 to April, 1987. The results were as follows 1. Average milk fat percents among farms were 3.67%, 3.64%, 3.43%, 3.48% in January, April, July and October, respectively. The diUerences of milk fat percent from month to month were statistically significant (p<0.005). and the seasonal average was 3.56%. 2. Numbers of farms which produced bulk milk of first grade by MBRT were 153(65.4%), 157(67.1%), 76(32.5%) and 141(60.2%) in January, April, July and October, respectively. The diUerences among months were statistically significant (p<0.005). Also, significant diUerences of grade by milking quantity (p<0.05), presence of milk cooler (p<0.01), and collection means (p<0.05) were demonstrated. 3. Number8 of farms which produced bulk milk of fir8t grade in somatic cell count measurement were 227(97.0%), 226(96.6%), 218(93.2%) and 223(95.3%) in January, April, July and October, respectively. And diUerences of grade by the pratice of teat dipping, dry cow therapy and manner in which udder washing towel was used statisticaJJy 8ignificant (p<0.01).

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.389-410
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• 1995

Large metropolitan areas in the US are distinguished by highly fragmented fiscally independent suburban municipalities and special districts. The suburban fragmentation implies the congregation of similar socio-economic groups escaped from central cities and the disparity of geographical resources among local government jurisdictions. This study examines St.Louis County suburbs as a case study for the implictions of suburban governmental fragmentation and the fiscal disparities across local governmental boundaries by analyzing their relationship with public service provision using police and public school services as examples. The distribution of fiscal resources across political boundaries, the processes which created them, and public service inequalities reproduced from the disparity of fiscal resources reveal the causes and consequences of suburban governmental fragmentation. The central part of suburban fragmentation is the segregation of public goods consumption reproduced from the disparity of local fiscal resources, and it acts as a basic geographical segregating force in the suburban spatial organization.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.88-88
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• 2002

인공수정 및 수정란기술의 활성화에 따라 소에 있어서 인공수정은 90%이상이 실시되고 있으나, 수정란이식은 수정란의 생산이 안정적이지 않아 활성화에 많은 지장을 초래하고 있다. 이의 원인은 수정란이식에 의한 수태율의 저하가 가장 크며, 수태율 향상을 위하여 수란우에 progesterone, hCG 등의 주사가 실시되고 있다. 그러나 이는 수정란의 착상에 있어서 자궁의 환경을 개선한다고 하나, 착상의 정확한 기전의 구명은 미미한 상태이다. 한편 비장유래 macrophage가 황체를 자극하고 TGF-$\beta$의 생산을 유도하는 것으로 보고되고 있으며, IL-I $\alpha$와 $\beta$에 따라 TGF-$\beta$ 생산에 있어서 약간의 차이를 보이는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 비장유래 macrophage가 TGF-$\beta$의 생산시 임신관련 Cytokine인 IL-I$\alpha$와의 관계를 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다. 임신 및 비임신 도축 암소의 비장을 채취하여 얼음에 채워 실험실로 운반한 후 비장의 표면을 70%의 알콜로 세척하고, 표피를 벗겨 비장조직을 세절하여 10% FBS+DMEM에 넣어 조직을 눌러 짜면서 조직속의 세포를 분리하였다. 세척한 배양액은 4-5$m\ell$를 100mm 유리 petri dish에 넣고 39$^{\circ}C$, 5% $CO_2$, 95% 공기인 배양기에서 2시간이상 배양하였으며, 배양 후 냉장된 buffer A 용액으로 세척하여 유리 petri dish의 바닥에 부착된 macrophage만을 cell scraper로 분리하였다. 분리한 macrophage는 0.5-1 $\times$ $10^{6}$ cells/$m\ell$가 되게 조정하여, IL-I 을 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 또한 1 ng/$m\ell$를 첨가하여 농도에 따른 효과를 조사하였고, 각각 24, 48, 72, 96 또한 120시간을 배양하여 시간에 의한 효과도 실시하였다. 각 배치구에서 얻어진 배양액은 TGF-$\beta$를 조사하기 전까지 -2$0^{\circ}C$에 동결 보존하였다. TGF-$\beta$의 측정은 TGF-$\beta$ kit(promega, USA)를 이용하여 실시하였으며, 통계학적 분석은 Anova test를 Statview program을 이용하여 분석하였다. 시험의 결과 대조구에 비해 IL-I 첨가구는 2-3배의 TGF-$\beta$생산을 보였으며, 배양시간에 따른 생산은 시간이 지남에 따라 약간 상승하는 경향을 보였으나, 유의적인 차이를 보이지는 않았다. 또한 IL-I의 농도에 따른 생산의 변화는 IL-I의 농도에 따라 약간의 차이를 보였고 유의적인 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 임신 및 비임신의 경우 임신우의 비장 macrophage가 비임신보다는 약간 상승하는 거스로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 IL-I $\alpha$ 는$\beta$subunit 보다 TGF-$\beta$ 생산에 있어서 서로 다른 양상을 보일 것으로 추정되며, IL-I은 macrophage의 직접적인 영향을 주기보다는 황체세포를 매개로 한 자궁에 TGF-$\beta$의 생산을 유도하는 것으로 사료되며, 임신관련 cytokine에 대한 다양한 연구가 요구되고 있다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.845-850
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• 1989

Effect of high temperature soaking in salt solution and short time microwave heat treatment on quality of Korean pickled cucumbers during fermentation was investigated. The Korean pickled cucumbers were fermented at $25^{\circ}C$ for 10 days in 10% salt solution. The physicochemical properties measured were pH, the total acidity, hardness and the sensory properties of odor, taste and texture were also evaluated. The result showed that the effect of soaking cucumber in $80-90^{\circ}C$ hot salt solution significantly reduced the fermentation rate and softening rate of texture while a rather rapid fermentation was found for those soaked in $60-70^{\circ}C$. The effect of microwave treatment inhenced fermentation a little for short treatment but it was significantly reduced softening rate of texture by 3 minutes heating. The sensory evaluation of Korean pickled cucumber was found that heat treatments with hot solution and microwave heating had a possitive effect for reduction of softening of cucumber tissue, however odor and taste were not significantly affected.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.792-798
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• 2002

Investigations on the microbiological, physicochemical, and sensory characteristics of seasoned Galbi using various packaging methods during storage at $-1^{\circ}C$ revealed no significant differences in pH values and acidities of seasoned Galbi depending on packaging methods and storage periods. Increments of thiobarbituric acid values of seasoned Galbi with non-evacuated packaging and modified atmosphere packaging were superior to those of vacuum packaging and double-film vacuum packaging during storage. Seasoned Galbi with non-evacuated packaging showed the highest volatile basic nitrogen value, and total plate count significantly increased compared to other packaging methods after 15 days storage. Coliform bacteria showed an average count of 2.35 log CFU/g at the beginning of storage, which increased slightly from 7 to 15 days, and was maintained under 4.0 log CFU/g after 15 days storage. The sensory evaluation revealed that non-evacuated packaging scored relatively lower than other methods in color, flavor, off-odor, and overall acceptability after storage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.282-287
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• 2008

Gardeniae Fructus (GF) is a fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae) which has been used in traditional medicine. It contains not only geniposide but also resveratrol, a kind of stilbene as a natural antioxidant. In this study, we investigated physiological activities of GF extracts by measuring electron donating ability (EDA), nitrite scavenging ability (NSA), super oxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity and inhibitory effect of tyrosinase activity (ITA). As a solvent, it was extracted with water, 50 and 100% ethanol using microwave. At the concentration of 6 mg/mL, EDA was the highest at 50% ethanol extract but the lowest at 100% ethanol extract, $96.43{\pm}0.25%\;and\;77.06{\pm}0.22%$ respectively. NSA showed the strongest activity at 50% ethanol extract like EDA (6 mg/mL: $75.26{\pm}0.28%$). ITAs were below 20% in all samples and their activities reduced according to increasing concentration. Likewise, SOD-like activities decreased with increasing concentration of extracts in all samples. In conclusion, GF extracts showed low SOD-like activities and ITAs but EDAs and NSAs were fairly high; especially EDA of 50% ethanol extract (6 mg/mL) was high as those of 0.1 and 1% L-ascorbic acid. Therefore the results suggest that GF extracts may be useful as potential sources of natural antioxidants.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.625-630
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• 2010

The berry thinning was a useful practice to reduce bunch size and to alter bunch shape for improving fruit quality. The grape cv. 'Muscat Bailey A' bunches were removed to find berry thinning effect on the bunch, in the apical end of the main stem about 4~6 laterals or conventional treatment and then compared a quality of fruit and wine between the treatments. Bunch weights on the different berry thinning treatment were in the range of 300 to 650g and conventional treatment was 550 to 750g. As a result, according to decreased lateral number of bunch in the treatments, total soluble sugar was increased but total acid was decreased. Our results was shown that wine color and taste components such as total anthocyanin, polyphenol and tannin were depended mainly by berry thinning. Also Berry thinning treatments of bunches was ranked higher sensory score than conventional ones.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 2019

This study aimed to analyze the association of midpalatal suture (MPS) maturation stages with skeletal maturation and age and to obtain references for establishing a treatment plan for rapid maxillary expansion (RME). Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images from 480 children (240 boys, 240 girls) aged 7 - 15 years were obtained. MPS maturation stages and cervical vertebral maturation indicator (CVMI) were evaluated, and the correlations between MPS maturation stages, CVMI, and age were determined using the Spearman's correlation test. The positive likelihood ratio (LHR) of CVMI for MPS maturation stages was calculated. MPS maturation stages and CVMI showed a strong correlation. Especially, CVMI 1 - 3 showed positive LHR greater than 10 for the diagnosis of stages A - C. MPS maturation stages and age were correlated strongly in girls and moderately in boys. Conventional RME produces the most favorable skeletal effect at CVMI 1 - 3 or those up to 12 years of age and fewer skeletal effects at CVMI 4 or at 13 years of age in girls and 13 - 15 years in boys. It is recommended to evaluate MPS maturation stages using CBCT before RME application at CVMI 5, 6 or at 14, 15 years of age in girls.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.257-267
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• 1993

Optimum pasture management during the summer season is an important factor to maintain good regrowth and persistence of pasture. The field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of cutting management on growth and reserve carbohydrates in stubble. and on dry matter yield of orchardgrass dominated pasture during the mid-summer season. Three different cutting times(July 15, 25 and August 5) as a main plot and three cutting heights(3, 6 and 10cm) as a sub plot were disigned with three replications. The experiment was done at pasture of Changsung Agricultural High School in 1988. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. Temperature of soil surface and underground in the cutting of July 15 and July 25 was not showed significantly different, because of low intensity of radiation with a run of wet weather, and that of August 5 cutting tends to be lowed in high cutting height during the mid-summer season. 2. Amount of soil moisture against cutting height showed that high cutting had a low content. 3. Growth rate against regrowth of plant height, lear length and leaf area showed to be fast in high cutting. 4. Rapid recovery period of carbohydrate content after cutting and large amount of carbohydrate accumulation were showed in the cutting of July 15 and 25 compared with August 5 cutting in the reserve carbohydrate content against cutting of time and height during the mid-summer season. 5. Dry matter yield of the 4th and 5th cutting showed to be remarkable in July 15 cutting compared to those of July 25 and August 5. From the above results, it is suggested that the 10cm cutting height during the mid-summer season is the most effective for good regrowth, reserve carbohydrates and dry matter yield of orchardgrass.