• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.18 no.6
• /
• pp.1002-1008
• /
• 2011

This study aimed to examine the effect of the Schizandra chinensis fruit and Morus alba leaf on insulin expression in HIT-T15 cells, which is exposed by glucose. The total polyphenol contents of the S. chinensis fruit ethanol extract and the M. alba leaf hot-water extract were $20.11{\pm}0.35$ mg/g and $50.02{\pm}0.62$ mg/mL, respectively. The S. chinensis fruit ethanol extract and the M. alba leaf hot-water extract contained $2.85{\pm}0.15$ and $8.76{\pm}0.43$ mg/g flavonoids, respectively. The antioxidant ability of the M. alba leaf hot-water extract was found to be superior to that of the S. chinensis fruit ethanol extract. Compared to the HIT-T15-treated 10 mM 2-deoxy-D-glucose, the $100{\mu}g/mL$ S. chinensis ethanol extract was found to have a two fold increase in insulin productivity. Moreover, the $100{\mu}g/mL$ M. alba leaf hot-water extract promoted the insulin secretion of high-glucose-damaged HIT-T15 almost ten fold. The above results showed that the S. chinensis fruit ethanol extract and M. alba leaf hot-water extract may improve the insulin productivity of the beta cell with glucose-induced oxidative damage. These data suggest that the S. chinensis fruit ethanol extract and the M. alba leaf hot-water extract can be used as food materials for the regulation of insulin secretion.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.397-406
• /
• 2011

To industrialize meju, four kinds of meju (Korean-style soybean koji) were made with humidity-controlled fermentation for 12 days at $28^{\circ}C$ after they were inoculated with selected strains such as Aspergillus otyzae (AO meju), Aspergillus sojae (AS meju), combined Aspergillus sojae and Bacillus subtilis (ASBS meju), and combined Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus subtilis (AOBS meju) as starter microorganisms. The changes in the quality characteristics in the four kinds of meju were investigated during fermentation. Their enzyme activities were compared with those of the traditional meju that is made in Sunchang Folk Village according to the traditional method. In the meju that were inoculated with selective strains, the aerobic bacteria counts and mold counts exceeded 8 log cfu/g and 6 log cfu/g respectively, which were the highest fermentation values after 2 days. The aerobic bacteria counts were maintained from 2-day to the 12-day fermentation. The mold counts tended to decreased gradually after the 2-day fermentation. The amino-type nitrogen contents reached 430.5-577.5 mg%, which were the highest values after 2-day fermentation. The neutral protease activities of these mejus had the highest levels in the following order: traditional meju, $1,258.0{\pm}38.8$; AS meju, $1,238.3{\pm}38.6$; AO meju. $1,204.1{\pm}24.1$; ASBS meju, $1,040.6{\pm}10.6$; and AOBS meju, $1,033.5{\pm}11.2$ unit/g. The acidic protease activities of these meju had the highest levels in the following order: AO meju, $1,030.1{\pm}19.1$, traditional meju, $1,007.7{\pm}30.5$; AS meju, $990.9{\pm}25.0$; AOBS meju, $910.9{\pm}15.3$; and ASBS meju, $888.2{\pm}15.7$ unit/g.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.17 no.5
• /
• pp.586-594
• /
• 2010

We evaluated changes in the microbiological quality and safety of food items (vegetables, seaweed, and processed food) supplied to elementary school food services to evaluate the distribution/delivery system. Pretreated vegetables, seaweed, and processed food were delivered to schools in refrigerated (${\leq}10^{\circ}C$) vans that made several delivery stops before arriving at the schools. During the distribution stage, total plate and coliforms counts were: bellflower roots $7.6{\times}10^5-6.7{\times}10^6$ and $5.8{\times}10^4-5.2{\times}10^5$ CFU/g; blanched bracken $4.5{\times}10^3-2.1{\times}10^5$, $5.0{\times}10^3-1{\times}10^4$ CFU/g; onion $1.2{\times}10^4-1.4{\times}10^4$, $5.0{\times}10$ CFU/g; soybean sprouts $9.6{\times}10^4-6.3{\times}10^7$ and $1.1{\times}10^3-1.2{\times}10^7$ CFU/g; soybean curd < $10-9.7{\times}10^5$ and < $10-2.3{\times}10^5$ CFU/g; and starch jelly < $10-3.8{\times}10^3$ and <10 CFU/g. Bacillus cereus < $10-4.1{\times}10^2$ CFU/g, Escherichia coli $1.0{\times}10-2.0{\times}10$ CFU/g, and Staphylococcus aureus $1.3{\times}10^2-4.1{\times}10^2$ CFU/g were detected on peeled bellflower, whereas B. cereus < $10-4.1{\times}10^2$ CFU/g, Listeria monocytogenes $1.0{\times}10-4.5{\times}10^2$ CFU/g, and S. aureus $1.8{\times}10^2-4.5{\times}10^2$ CFU/g, were detected on soybean sprouts. Most food items were double-wrapped in vinyl and placed in corrugated cardboard boxes prior to delivery, but the boxes, when placed in vans, were not segregated from other food items being delivered to schools and other destinations.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.312-323
• /
• 1999

External morphology, principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and vegetation were investigated to understand the taxonomic relationships and native environmental characters of Megaleranthis saniculifolia populations in four different habitats. Morphological characters such as calyx length and width, calyx index, presence or absence of serrate in calyx lobe, length of peduncle, branch of peduncle and fruit characters were useful for the identification of four different habitats. But, characters of plant height, bract and seed in four habitats were similar. The results obtained based on the principal component(PC) analysis of treated 96 OTU were divided into two groups by PC 1, 2, 3, and the sums of contributions for the total variance were 66.79%(PC1 31.3%, PC2 20.7%, PC3 15.8%, respectively), and only Mt. Taeki population was distinctly different from populations of other three habitats. In cluster analysis based on average linkage cluster analysis and Ward's method, there were similarities in the composition of clustered taxa, and each populations were not identified. Importance value by relative coverage and frequency appeared in M. saniculifolia(50.81%), Aruncus dioicus(12.64%), Corydalus turtschanovii(11.62%), Veratrum oxysepalum(11.45%), Anemone koraiensis(8.96%), Meehania urticifolia(8.76%), Filipendula palmata(7.06%), Aconitum pseudo-laeve(5.66%), Pseudostellaria palibiniana(5.45%) and Smilacina japonica(5.25%), respectively. These species were considered to be highly similar with M. saniculifolia. The highest importance value in all investigated sites was M. saniculifolia, but specific composition of high level different from each habitat. Average diversity of species was 1.40, and the highest in Mt. Kwangdeok(1.31), lowest in Mt. Jumbong(1.17). Average soil pH was 5.25 and similar in each habitat. Although the lowest content of K ion, but the highest the EC, water capacity, organic compound, Ca content were found in soil of Mt. Sobaek. Soils in Mt. Kwangdeok had the lowest content of EC, organic compound, Ca. Soils of Mt. Jumbong showed the highest of Mg content, but the lowest of water capacity, $P_2O_5$, and K contents.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.23-32
• /
• 2009

The sorption of europium (Eu (III)) onto kaolinite and the influence of humic acids over a range of pH 3 ~ 11 has been studied by batch adsorption experiment (V/m = 250 : 1 mL/g, $C_{Eu(III)}\;=\;1\;{\times}\;10^{-5}\;mol/L$, $C_{HA}\;=\;5{\sim}50\;mg/L$, $P_{CO2}=10^{-3.5}\;atm$). The concentrations of HA and Eu(III) in aqueous phase were measured by UV absorbance at 254nm (e.g., $UV_{254}$) and ICP-MS after microwave digestion for HA removals, respectively. Results showed that the HA sorption onto kaolinite was decreased with increasing pH and their sorption isotherms fit well with the Langmuir adsorption model (except pH 3). Maximum amount ($q_{max}$) for the HA sorption at pH 4 to 11 was ranged from 4.73 to 0.47 mg/g. Europium adsorption onto the kaolinite in the absence of HA was typical, showing an increases with pH and a distinct adsorption edge at pH 3 to 5. However in the presence of HA, Eu adsorption to kaolinite was significantly affected. HA was shown to enhance Eu adsorption in the acidic pH range (pH 3 ~ 4) due to the formation of additional binding sites for Eu coming from HA adsorbed onto kaolinite surface, but reduce Eu adsorption in the intermediate and high pH above 6 due to the formation of aqueous Eu-HA complexes. The results on the ternary interaction of kaolinte-Eu-HA are compared with those on the binary system of kaolinite-HA and kaolinite-Eu and adsorption mechanism with pH was discussed.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.211-216
• /
• 1986

To establish a suitability grouping system of paddy soils for double or multiple cropping with rice which is intensively practiced in the southern parts of Korea, a few basic experiments were carried out for two years. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The potential productivities of the paddy soils which were tested without any fertilizer in the pots of subsoil samples by the double cropping of rice and other upland crops were resulted that the soils of "Moderately well drained" fine silty textured were the highest while the soils of "Poorly drained" sandy were the lowest, and the productivities could be clearly comparable according to the differences of soil conditions. 2. The decomposability of organic matter also was higher in the soils of "Moderately well drained" than the "Imperfectly drained". The coarse loamy and coarse silty textured soils were high in the upland condition and in the early stages of submerging while the fine loamy and fine silty textured soils were high at the late stage of submerging in the rates of organic matter decomposition. 3. The days to be reached to tillable condition after rainfall in fine loamy textured soils were about 5 days earlier than the clayey soils. The period of tillable condition of fine clayey soils with "Moderately well drained" was the longest and that of the fine loamy textured soils was the shortest. But the soils with "Imperfectly drained" were not clear among soil textural classes. 4. The lower the ground water table the higher was the productivity indices. The variation of ground water table in the medium textured soils was higher than the both of coarse and fine textured soils among "Moderately well drained". But it was observed the opposite in the soils of "Imperfectly drained".

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.290-295
• /
• 1989

An incubation study was conducted to examine the effect of soil pH and temperature on nitrification potential of 8 different soil series applied with no-N and 200 ugN/g soil as a compound fertilizer at 60 % moisture content of maximum water holding capacity for 8 weeks, whose series were ranged from acid to mild alkali as Gopyeong(Jincheon, pH 4.51), Yesan(Jincheon, pH 4.54), Jigog(Eumseong, pH 4.71), Songsan(Goesan, pH 5.01), Angye(Seongju, pH 5.34), Banho(Seongju, pH 5.73), Weongog(Jincheon, pH 5.93), and Banho(Seongju, pH 7.70), respectively. Interrelationship between the nitrifiable and the net $NO_3-N$(N added plot-no-N plot) accumulated in the soil and tobacco yield in the no fertilizer plot were investigated as well. 1. Nitrification response was various according to soil characteristics at each temperature condition showing that nitrifiable $NO_3-N$ values of the soils were much higher at $25^{\circ}C$ than $15^{\circ}C$. And difference of nitrification potential affected by temperature was markedly distinguishable from 2 weeks after incubation and was showing a tendency to reduce with increasing of soil pH. 2. At each temperature condition, net $NO_3-N$ accumulated at 2 and 4 weeks after incubation was positively correlated with soil pH. 3. Tobacco yield in the no fertilizer plot was more highly correlated with the values of nitrifiable and net $NO_3-N$ accumulated at $15^{\circ}C$ similar to soil temperature in rhizosphere of early stage of tobacco growth than those at optimum temperature($25^{\circ}C$).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.359-365
• /
• 1985

The four rice varieties, Kwanak, Nongbaek, Pungsan and Nampung-byo were cultivated to examine the growth conditions and grain yield in a Gyuam SiL paddy field irrigated with cold water around $17^{\circ}C$. Water temperatures for various distances from the inlet were measured. The results were summerized as follows. 1. Culm length, panicle exertion, diameter of the 3rd internode stem, heading date, fertilization rate, ripeness rate, no. of grains per panicle and grain yield were sensitive to water temperature. Panicle length, flag-leaf length, diameter of spike-neck and no. of panicles, however, were negligibly sensitive and there were no differences among varieties. 2. Elongations of the 2nd and 3rd internode steam were unsensitive to water temperature. 1st internode elongation and 4th internode development, however, were sensitive which was major factor in the culm length. 3. Ratios of partial dry weight to total dry weight were closely correlated with water temperature, Therefore, dry weight of grain was increased with water temperature while that of plant and root decreased. 4. Chlorophyll contents were decreased with the increment of water temperature and the highest at $20^{\circ}C$. 5. There was no grain yield at $17^{\circ}C$, Increases of grain yield to water temperature per unit were order at Pungsan > Kwanak > Nongbaek > Nampung. 6. The critical temperature in grain yield was $21^{\circ}C$. Optimum temperatures of Japonica ${\times}$ Indica types were higher than those of Japonica types.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.325-335
• /
• 1985

Biogas production from agricultural wastes were summarized as follows: 1. Biogas Generation Characteristics of Various Manures and Residues a. Gas yield from crop residues like rice straw, rice hull, corn stalk and coconut husk can be improved by addition of animal manures. b. Gas yield from coconut husk can be improved through aerobic fermentation for at least one week before loading in the digester. c. Gas yield from fresh rice straw is better than from pre-fermented one, whether alone or in combination with animal manures. d. Initial study has shown that fresh azolla can be substituted for animal manures in manurerice straw combinations and gas yield derived based on unit volatile solids loaded is actually better than for manure-residue combinations. e. Gas production is highly sensitive to substrate pH and becomes almost nil at a pH of below 6. 2. Effect of ambient conditions and other factors on biogas production in a house hold-size digester. a. Results showed that compaction of rice straw in straw-manure combination can reduce gas yield compared with loosely mixed straw. b. The effective gas production period extended to 70 days using freshly threshed rice straw and fresh cattle manure as feed material. c. Underground and above ground digesters with shade have relatively more stable substrate temperature than aboveground exposed digesters. This relative temperature instability may likely be the reason for lower gas yield for the exposed aboveground digester loaded with loose straw-cattle manure substrate, compared with the underground digester with the same substrate. 3. Economic Analysis a. Based on prevailing costs of fuel, materials, and labor in the Philippines, biogas produced from the household size system is cheaper than either LPG or kerosene. b. If other benefits like organic fertilizer, pollution control and convenience are considered, biogas will surely be the best alternative fuel source.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.301-306
• /
• 1989

For the agricultural utilization of Korean forest land resources, which constitutes most of country, the distribution of environment and soil physico-chemical properties of establishable grass lands were clarified. The surveyed data were analized for the reasonable utilization and management of establishable grass land. The results were as follows ; 1. About 50.2% of the grass lands to be established were located under the 200m in altitude. The higher the altitude was, the more the organic matter content. 2. Tall type grass species such as Miscanthus purpurascens, Purple eulalia, and Themeda Japonica covered 71.3% of the natural vegetation in the soils of grass land to be established. 3. The extent of sandy and clayey soils which might be limited in the establishment of grassland was only 3.3%, meanwhile majority of the soils were in the favourable condition for grassland that is about 94% have more than 20cm in available soil depth and about 60.5% of the soils have less than 10% of gravels and stones in the soil profiles. 4. The chemical properties of the prearranged grassland soils were worse than the established grasslands, especially in the content of available $P_2O_5$. 5. The amount of fertilizer recommended for meadow were 286kg of nitrogen per hectare, 271kg of phosphorus, 224kg of potassium and 2040kg of calcium per hectare, but for grazing land were 201, 204, 136 and 1920kg/ha respectively.