• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.1 s.54
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• pp.83-94
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• 1996

Substance P is one of the neuropeptide which presents highly in tension site of periodontal ligament during the orthodontic tooth movement. It has bnn also hon as one of the neuropeptides which cause neurogenic inflammation in various tissues and organs. However, there is no report about the effect of substance P on major extracellular matrix protein, collagen production. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the collagen production by substance P in human periodontal ligament cell. The collagenase-digestion method was used to evaluate collagen production and also used Northern blot hybridization for the evaluation of collagen mRNA level. This study also Included in terms of prostanglandins and gelatinase production with respect to collagen production. For the collagen degradation, zymography was used to estimate denatured collagen degradation. Dose-dependent effect of substance P on noncollagen protein, collagen, and percent collagen was that substance P increased noncollagen protein synthesis, but decreased collagen sytnsis. So the percent collagen, which determined by relative collagen production against total protein production, w3s decreased from $7\%\;to\;3.6\%$. This inhibitory effect of substance P on collagen production was disappeared when cells were treated concomitantly with indomethacin. It means that substance P-induced inhibitory effect on collagen production was due at least in part to the production of prostaglandins. To evaluate whether substance P-induced inhibitory effect on collagen production is correspond to the steady-state levels of procollagen mRNA, Northern blot hybridization was performed and it showed that substance P has no effect on the steady-slate level of ${\alpha}1(I)$ procollagen mRNA. It means that the inhibitory effect of substance P on collagen production was due to the change of a certain mechanism after posttranscription. In this context, gelatinase production by substance P in periodontal ligament cells was evaluated by zymography. Zymogram showed that substance P has no effect on gelatinase production in periodontal ligament cells. To explore wheter substance P-induced inhibitory effect on collagen production is selevtive in periodontal ligament cells or not, MC3T3-E1 cells which originated from mouse calvaria was used. It showed that substance P has no effect on collagen production in MC3T3-E1 cells. Taken together, substance P inhibits collagen production in human periodontal ligament cells. This effect was not due to the change of the steady-state level of procollagen mRNA and gelatinase production, but due at least in part to the change of prostaglandins production.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.19-31
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• 2023

The importance of barrier free is being highlighted worldwide. This study attempted to identify barrier-free research trends using text mining. Through this, it was intended to help with research and policies to create a barrier free environment. The analysis data is 227 papers published in domestic academic journals from 1996 when barrier free research began to 2022. The researcher converted the title, keywords, and abstract of an academic thesis into text, and then analyzed the pattern of the thesis and the meaning of the data. The summary of the research results is as follows. First, barrier-free research began to increase after 2009, with an annual average of 17.1 papers being published. This is related to the implementation guidelines for the barrier-free certification system that took effect on July 15, 2008. Second, results of barrier-free text mining i) As a result of word frequency analysis of top keywords, important keywords such as barrier free, disabled, design, universal design, access, elderly, certification, improvement, evaluation, and space, facility, and environment were searched. ii) As a result of TD-IDF analysis, the main keywords were universal design, design, certification, house, access, elderly, installation, disabled, park, evaluation, architecture, and space. iii) As a result of N-Ggam analysis, barrier free+certification, barrier free+design, barrier free+barrier free, elderly+disabled, disabled+elderly, disabled+convenience facilities, the disabled+the elderly, society+the elderly, convenience facilities+installation, certification+evaluation index, physical+environment, life+quality, etc. appeared in a related language. Third, as a result of the CONCOR analysis, cluster 1 was barrier-free issues and challenges, cluster 2 was universal design and space utilization, cluster 3 was Improving Accessibility for the Disabled, and cluster 4 was barrier free certification and evaluation. Based on the analysis results, this study presented policy implications for vitalizing barrier-free research and establishing a desirable barrier free environment.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.143-156
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• 2005

Background: The best dose-fractionation regimen of the definitive radiotherapy for cervix cancer remains to be clearly determined. It seems to be partially attributed to the complexity of the affecting factors and the lack of detailed information on external and intra-cavitary fractionation. To find optimal practice guidelines, our experiences of the combination of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and high-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy (HDR-ICBT) were reviewed with detailed information of the various treatment parameters obtained from a large cohort of women treated homogeneously at a single institute. Materials and Methods: The subjects were 743 cervical cancer patients (Stage IB 198, IIA 77, IIB 364, IIIA 7, IIIB 89 and IVA 8) treated by radiotherapy alone, between 1990 and 1996. A total external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) dose of $23.4\~59.4$ Gy (Median 45.0) was delivered to the whole pelvis. High-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy (HDR-IBT) was also peformed using various fractionation schemes. A Midline block (MLB) was initiated after the delivery of $14.4\~43.2$ Gy (Median 36.0) of EBRT in 495 patients, while In the other 248 patients EBRT could not be used due to slow tumor regression or the huge initial bulk of tumor. The point A, actual bladder & rectal doses were individually assessed in all patients. The biologically effective dose (BED) to the tumor ($\alpha/\beta$=10) and late-responding tissues ($\alpha/\beta$=3) for both EBRT and HDR-ICBT were calculated. The total BED values to point A, the actual bladder and rectal reference points were the summation of the EBRT and HDR-ICBT. In addition to all the details on dose-fractionation, the other factors (i.e. the overall treatment time, physicians preference) that can affect the schedule of the definitive radiotherapy were also thoroughly analyzed. The association between MD-BED $Gy_3$ and the risk of complication was assessed using serial multiple logistic regression models. The associations between R-BED $Gy_3$ and rectal complications and between V-BED $Gy_3$ and bladder complications were assessed using multiple logistic regression models after adjustment for age, stage, tumor size and treatment duration. Serial Coxs proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate the relative risks of recurrence due to MD-BED $Gy_{10}$, and the treatment duration. Results: The overall complication rate for RTOG Grades $1\~4$ toxicities was $33.1\%$. The 5-year actuarial pelvic control rate for ail 743 patients was $83\%$. The midline cumulative BED dose, which is the sum of external midline BED and HDR-ICBT point A BED, ranged from 62.0 to 121.9 $Gy_{10}$ (median 93.0) for tumors and from 93.6 to 187.3 $Gy_3$ (median 137.6) for late responding tissues. The median cumulative values of actual rectal (R-BED $Gy_3$) and bladder Point BED (V-BED $Gy_3$) were 118.7 $Gy_3$ (range $48.8\~265.2$) and 126.1 $Gy_3$ (range: $54.9\~267.5$), respectively. MD-BED $Gy_3$ showed a good correlation with rectal (p=0.003), but not with bladder complications (p=0.095). R-BED $Gy_3$ had a very strong association (p=<0.0001), and was more predictive of rectal complications than A-BED $Gy_3$. B-BED $Gy_3$ also showed significance in the prediction of bladder complications in a trend test (p=0.0298). No statistically significant dose-response relationship for pelvic control was observed. The Sandwich and Continuous techniques, which differ according to when the ICR was inserted during the EBRT and due to the physicians preference, showed no differences in the local control and complication rates; there were also no differences in the 3 vs. 5 Gy fraction size of HDR-ICBT. Conclusion: The main reasons optimal dose-fractionation guidelines are not easily established is due to the absence of a dose-response relationship for tumor control as a result of the high-dose gradient of HDR-ICBT, individual differences In tumor responses to radiation therapy and the complexity of affecting factors. Therefore, in our opinion, there is a necessity for individualized tailored therapy, along with general guidelines, in the definitive radiation treatment for cervix cancer. This study also demonstrated the strong predictive value of actual rectal and bladder reference dosing therefore, vaginal gauze packing might be very Important. To maintain the BED dose to less than the threshold resulting in complication, early midline shielding, the HDR-ICBT total dose and fractional dose reduction should be considered.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.133-141
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• 2001

Purpose: Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) has been found to be the causative factors of apnea, stridor, feeding intolerance, poor weight gain, and sudden infants death syndrome (SIDS) in infants. GER is a well-described in infants and children, but only scant mention of the premature infants with GER can be found in the literature. Methods: Esophageal pH was measured during 24 hour in 21 healthy preterm infants, using a silicone microelectrode with an external reference electrode connected to a portable recorder. The mean age of the patients was $29{\pm}8$ days, mean gestational age was $30^{+5}{\pm}2^{+0}$ weeks, mean birth weight was $1,468{\pm}329$ g, mean postconceptional age was $34^{+6}{\pm}1^{+4}$ weeks and mean weight was $1,750{\pm}329$ g. We evaluated the following reflux parameters; number of acid reflux, number of long acid reflux, longest acid reflux minutes, and reflux index. Results: Pathologic GER was detected in 12 (57%) subjects and most interesting parameters are reflux index and number of episodes with a pH<4 during 24 hour (high correlation with postprandial reflux index). Reflux was not correlated to gestational age, birth weight, age, postconceptional age, weight, sex and medication of the theophylline. Conclusion: Gastroesophageal reflux is common in preterm infants, but it is usually not apparent, even with severe reflux.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.9
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• pp.865-870
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• 2003

Purpose : We measured the umbilical cord arterial concentrations of isoprostane($8-iso-PGF_{2{\alpha}}$) and intended to decide whether the umbilical cord arterial concentrations of isoprostane could be used as a useful parameter for lipid peroxidation in newborn infants. Methods : The isoprostane and malondialdehyde(MDA) concentrations of the umbilical cord were measured by enzyme immunoassay and TBARS(thiobarbituric acid reactive substance) assay in 33 preterm and 28 term infants, respectively. The concentrations of isoprostane and MDA were compared between preterm infants and term infants, and were analysed for association with perinatal risk factors and neonatal complications. Results : Umbilical cord arterial concentrations of isoprostane were $704.7{\pm}635.6pg/mL$ and $421.9{\pm}306.5pg/mL$ in preterm and term infants, respectively. Umbilical cord arterial concentrations of MDA were $44.0{\pm}22.9{\mu}M/L$ and $26.2{\pm}10.7{\mu}M/L$ in preterm and term infants, respectively. Umbilical cord arterial concentrations of isoprostane and MDA in preterm infants were significantly higher than those in term infants(P<0.05). The umbilical cord arterial concentrations of isoprostane were significantly associated with perinatal risk factors such as fetal distress, oligohydramnios, and breech delivery in preterm infants and pregnancy-induced hypertension in term infants(P<0.05). Conclusion : Umbilical cord arterial concentrations of isoprostane in preterm infants were higher than those in term infants, and those are significantly associated with some perinatal risk factors.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.192-197
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• 2006

Purpose : Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) is a key cytokine for controlling vascular permeability and angiogenesis, which is one of the major findings in airway remodeling. However, it is not well known if it is associated with acute lower respiratory tract disease such as lobar pneumonia. The aim of this study is to compare serum VEGF levels in patients with asthma according to its severity and duration of cough, and to compare its levels with children with lobar pneumonia. Methods : Using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the serum VEGF levels were measured in 16 mild asthmatics, 14 moderate to severe asthmatics, six children with lobar pneumonia, and 22 control subjects. The asthmatics were also classified into three groups according to the duration of cough. Serum VEGF levels were compared in each group. Results : Serum VEGF levels were significantly increased in the children with moderate to severe asthma and lobar pneumonia compared to the children with mild asthma and control subjects. Serum VEGF levels were higher in children with chronic coughs of more than two weeks than in children with coughs lasting less than two weeks. Serum levels of VEGF showed positive correlations with blood platelet and white blood cell counts. Conclusion : VEGF increased according to the severity of asthma and duration of cough in children with asthma. It may play an important role not only in chronic airway inflammation, but also in the acute inflammation in children with lower respiratory tract disease.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2001

Purpose: H. pylori infection is thought to contribute to iron-deficiency anemia, especially during puberty. The ferritin protein Pfr of H. pylori is homologous to eukaryotic and prokaryotic ferritins. The purpose of this study was to analyze the H. pylori pfr status in gastric biopsy specimens according to clinical data, including antral gastritis with or without iron-deficiency anemia. Methods: A total of 26 H. pylori-positive patients aged from ten to 18 years were categorized into subgroups based on the presence or absence of iron-deficiency anemia. All of them had antral gastritis. Sixteen patients were proved to have iron-deficiency anemia by hematological study, two of which had a duodenal ulcer. The other ten patients showed normal hematological findings. DNA isolation was performed from each of the gastric biopsy specimens. PCR amplification of the pfr gene coding was done using two sets of primers. The pfr region, 501 bp, was generated by linking the sequences of the two PCR products. The nucleotide and protein sequences were compared between the pfr regions from Korean H. pylori strains and the NCTC 11638, 26695, and J99 strain, which were obtained from the Genbank. Sequence comparisons were also performed for the pfr regions between the iron-deficiency anemia (+) and (-) groups. Results: Analysis of the complete coding region of pfr gene revealed three sites of mutation. The Ser39Ala mutation was found in 100% (26/26), Gly111Asn in 26.9% (7/26), and Gly82Ser in 11.5% (3/26). There were no significant differences in the mutations of the pfr regions between the iron deficiency anemia (+) and (-) groups. Conclusion: The mutation in the pfr gene did not relate with the clinical phenotype, iron deficiency anemia. Further studies are needed on the aspects of host side or other complex factors to elucidate anemia. Further studies are needed on the aspects of host side or other complex factors to elucidate the mechanisms by which the H. pylori infection might lead to iron deficiency anemia.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.95-116
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• 1996

As considering a comparison study of the structure of mind and psychologic type of C.G Jung to Ji-In-Lon and Sa-Sang constituition of Lee Je Ma, I've got the following conclusion. 1. The study of the structure of mind of Jung and Ji-In-Lon of Lee Je ma have a important meaning to each theory of type of men. They developed their own peculiar theory of type men by the analysis of the mind of men. 2. Jung explained the organization of recognition by four phase theorical structure; consciousness, personal unconsciousness, collective unconsciousness, self. Lee Je Ma explained the organization of recognition by four phase theorical structure;Sa, Sim, Sin, Mul. And theory of type of men, Jung established four type; Tae-Yang-In, Tae-Um-In, So-Yang-In, So-Um-In, They all established the four phase structure, which have things in common. 3. Jung studied the consciousness and unconsciousness and Lee Je Ma studied the Sung-In, Eui, Ye, Ji, and Sim-Yock-Bi, Bak, Tam, Na. I think they have a close relationship. And I think there is relationship between consciousness, unconsciousness to Gun-Ja-Ji-Sim, So-In-Ji-Sim. 4. I think there is thought of relationship between Lee Je Ma's Dae-Dong, Gak-lip, Hang-gi-ji, Hang-gi-hang and Ho-sun, Oh-ak, Sa-sim, Tae-hang and relationship of internal organ's size to Jung's the first function, second function, third function, fourth function. 5. I think the relationship between the type of Jung;thinking type, feeling, type, sensation type, intuition type to the type of Lee Je Ma; Tae-Yang-In, Tae-Um-In, So-Yang-In, So-Yang-In, So-Um-In needs more study.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.46-50
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• 2006

Purpose : Intradermal BCG vaccine has not well been accepted by pediatric practitioners due to BCG lymphadenitis. Therefore, this study was undertaken to find out the incidence of lymphadenitis following intradermal BCG vaccination and its clinical outcome. Methods : One thousand and fifty infants, who received intradermal BCG(French 1173 P2, Korea Tuberculosis Association) vaccination in the Well Baby Clinic of Hanyang University Hospital from July 2001 to January 2004, were included in the study. Severe local reactions at the injection site and any mass noted on surrounding areas were reported to, and evaluated by, pediatricians. Surgical procedures, either surgical resection or needle aspiration, were recommended when lymph nodes progressed to suppurate without regression. Results : Twenty infants(1.9 percent) developed lymphadenitis 2 to 8 months following vaccination. The incidence of BCG lymphadenitis was significantly higher in infants born with intrauterine period of <38 weeks and birth weight of <2,700 g. The lymph nodes became suppurative in 7/17 infants (41.2 percent) and four infants required surgical procedures with which the rate for the requirement of surgical procedures among intradermal BCG vaccinnes approximated to be 0.45 percent. There was no correlation between the size of lymph nodes and suppuration, however surgical procedures were required significantly more often for lymph nodes of greater than 3 cm in diameter. Conclusion : The incidence of BCG lymphadenitis following intradermal BCG(French 1173 P2, Korea Tuberculosis Association) vaccinations would be more than 1.9 percent, when considering cases of lymphadenits not reported. More efforts need to be paid to decrease the incidence of BCG lymphadenitis in order to promote intradermal BCG vaccination in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.86-109
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• 2009

Mireuksa Temple was founded during the reign of King Mu of Baekje(AD 600-641). The circumstance of the construction of this temple is documented in "Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms (Samgukyusa)". The pagoda named stone pagoda at Mireuksaji temple stands outside the main sanctuary of the western area. The south and west sides of the stone pagoda have completely collapsed, leaving only the eastern facade of six of its levels intact. Through the recent discovery of sarira reliquary we can see that the erection of this pagoda was in 639. So owing to accumulation of excavation results about Baekje temple site and vigorous academic exchange, it is possible that architecture of western pagoda at Mireuksaji temple can be understood in connection with the architectural development of wooden pagoda from 6th to early 7th century in East Asia. So this study is on the consideration of building of this pagoda putting first structure of upper part and cross-shaped space in 1st floor. It was considered that the material characteristics as stone could be applied to the temple pagoda architecture of large scale. The results are as follows. First, it had been built in recognition that the outer and inner part of pagoda should be separated. As it is the expression of structural system in temple pagoda architecture of large scale at that time. In pagoda there was a self-erected structure and the members of outer part of it were constructed additionally. Second, in Mireuksaji stone pagoda there is central column with stones. With inner part of pagoda it can be regarded as mixed structural system that constitutes central contral column and inner structural part. And it could be a kind of middle step to more developed structure of whole as wooden pagodas in Japan. Third, as the sarira reliquary was in central column on the first floor, the cross-shaped space could be made. The formation of this space was so on the natural meaning of sarira that the concept as memorial service of graves could be apllied to the pagoda. The style of tomb in Baekje was expressed to the space of 1st floor in pagoda where Sarira had been mstalled. That was not only effective presentation of symbolic space but also easier method in the use of same material.