• Title/Summary/Keyword: 응집도

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Comparison of Al(III) and Fe(III) Coagulants for Improving Coagulation Effectiveness in Water Treatment (정수처리 응집효율 개선을 위한 Al(III)염과 Fe(III)염 응집제의 비교)

  • Han, Seung woo;Kang, Lim seok
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.37 no.6
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    • pp.325-331
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    • 2015
  • The experimental results of the characteristics of aluminum based and ferric based coagulants for the Nakdong River water showed that the main hydrolysis species contained in alum and $FeCl_3$ are monomeric species of 98% and 93.3%, respectively. The PACl of r=1.2 produced by the addition of base contained 31.2% of polymeric Al species and the PACl of r=2.2 contained 85.0% of polymeric Al species, as showing more polymeric Al species with increasing r value. Coagulation tests using Al(III) and Fe(III) salts coagulants for the Nakdong River water showed that the coagulation effectiveness of turbidity and organic matter was high in the order of $FeCl_3$ > PACl (r=2.2) > PACl (r=1.2) > alum. $FeCl_3$ has showed better flocculation efficiency than Al(III) salts coagulants. In addition, in case of Al(III) coagulants, the Al(III) coagulants of higher basicity, which contained more polymeric Al species, resulted in better coagulation efficiency for both turbidity and organic matter removed. The optimum pH range for all of the coagulants investigated was around pH 7.0 under the experimental pH range of 4.0~9.5. Especially, the highest basicity PACl (r=2.2) and $FeCl_3$ were considered as more appropriate coagulants for the removal of turbidity in the case of raw water exhibiting higher pH.

Flocculation behavior of PCC filler induced by cationic polymer (양이온성 고분자 첨가에 의한 경질탄산칼슘의 응집 현상)

  • Seo, Dong-Il;Lee, Hak-Rae
    • Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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    • 2010.04a
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    • pp.193-193
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    • 2010
  • 이전의 연구에서 우리는 선응집 기술을 적용한 중질탄산칼슘의 크기에 따른 수초지의 물성을 평가하였다. 이때 선응집 기술이 적용된 충전물의 입도와 분포를 측정하기 위해 light diffraction spectroscopy (LDS) 가 사용되었다. 경질탄산칼슘과 양이온성 고분자의 흡착 현상을 알아보기 위한 이번 연구에도 LDS가 사용되었으며, 일회성으로 입자의 크기와 분포를 측정하는 것에서 더 나아가 시간의 흐름에 따라 응집체의 형성과 파괴, 재성장을 관찰할 수 있는 도구로서 역할 하였다. 본 연구에서 우리는 세 가지 경우로 나누어 경질탄산칼슘의 응집 현상을 관찰하였다. 첫째로 경질탄산칼슘에 흡착되는 양이온성 고분자의 특성, 분자량과 전하밀도, 을 달리하여 응집체의 성장과 파괴를 관찰하였다. 둘째, 양이온성 고분자로 중질탄산칼슘을 응집시켜, 경질탄산칼슘 응집체의 경우와 입도와 전단 안정성 등을 비교하였다. 마지막으로 나노 크기의 실리카 투입이, 마이크로 크기의 경질탄산칼슘 응집체가 강한 전단에 의해 파괴되었을 때, 응집체의 전단 안정성이나 재성장 측면에 도움을 주는지 관찰하였다. 내첨용 충전물로써 경질탄산칼슘의 사용이 전 세계적으로 늘고 있는 시점에서 양이온성 고분자 첨가에 의한 경질탄산칼슘의 응집 현상을 관찰하는 것은 일반적인 제지 공정에서 경질탄산칼슘의 거동을 이해하는데 도움이 될 뿐만 아니라, 내첨용 충전물 첨가에 따른 종이의 강도 저하 방지를 위한 선응집 기술의 적용에도 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.

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New TCC and LCOM Measures Considering the Write Operations between Class Members (클래스 멤버 사이의 쓰기 연산을 고려한 새로운 TCC 및 LCOM 척도)

  • Woo, Gyun;Chae, Heung-Seok
    • Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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    • v.32 no.11
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    • pp.1036-1046
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    • 2005
  • Cohesion refers to the degree of the relatedness of the members in a class and it is widely accepted that the higher the cohesion of a module is, the easier the module to understand and maintain. Recently, several cohesion measures have been proposed to measure the cohesiveness of classes in an object-oriented program. In this paper, we propose an approach to improving the existing cohesion measures by considering the impact of write dependencies between class members. We have developed a cohesion measurement tool for supporting our approach and describe a case study performed with a C++ class library.

Evaluation of the Two Class Population Balance Equation for Predicting the Bimodal Flocculation of Cohesive Sediments in Turbulent Flow (난류조건에서의 점착성 유사 이군집 응집 모형 적용성 평가)

  • Lee, Byung Joon;Toorman, E.A.
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.48 no.3
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    • pp.233-243
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    • 2015
  • The bimodal flocculation of cohesive sediments in water environments describes the aggregation and breakage process developing a bimodal floc size distribution with dense flocculi and floppy flocs. A two class population balance equation (TCPBE) was tested for simulating the bimodal flocculation by a model-data fitting analysis with two sets of experimental data (low and high turbulent flows) from 1-D flocculation-settling column tests. In contrast to the Single-Class PBE (SCPBE), the TCPBE could simulate interactions between flocculi and flocs and the flocculation mechanism by differential settling in a low turbulent flow. Also, the TCPBE could perform the same quality of simulation as the elaborate Multi-Class PBE (MCPBE), with a small number of floc size classes and differential equations. Thus, the TCPBE was proven to be the simplest model that is capable of simulating the bimodal flocculation of cohesive sediments in water environments and water, wastewater treatment systems.

A Study on Solid-liquid Separation of Swine Wastewater Using Coagulation and Dissolved Air Flotation (응집침전 및 부상분리에 의한 돈사폐수의 고액분리에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Jong-Oh;Jeong, Seong-Uk
    • Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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    • v.12 no.2
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    • pp.101-109
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    • 2004
  • In this study, the solid-liquid separation characteristics of swine wastewater were investigated for the coagulation and dissolved air flotation (DAF). Coagulation characteristics were studied using jar-tester with the different coagulants and dosage amounts. DAF characteristics were also investigated in terms of the different flotation conditions with the raw swine wastewater, pH adjustment only, and adding coagulants. When the raw swine wastewater was coagulated with the only inorganic coagulants, the proper inorganic coagulants were founded as $FeCl_3$ > PAC > Alum orderly, and the optimal coagulant dosages were founded as $1,000mg/{\ell}$, $1,500mg/{\ell}$, $1,500mg/{\ell}$, respectively. As the raw swine wastewater was treated with the polymer coagulants, the only cationic polymer coagulant showed an effective coagulation and the optimal dosage of cationic coagulant was founded as $200mg/{\ell}$. When the different dosages of cationic polymer was added to each $500mg/{\ell}$ of the inorganic coagulants, the proper inorganic coagulants were founded as $FeCl_3$ > Alum > PAC orderly, and optimal cationic polymer dosages was founded as $25mg/{\ell}$, $25mg/{\ell}$, and $100mg/{\ell}$, respectively. Resulting from the raw swine wastewater experiments using DAF without coagulation, the proper operation conditions of DAF were set to 400% of recycling ratio, 4 atm in air dissolving tank, and under pH 3. But the raw swine wastewater was difficult to successfully operate DAF without pre-coagulation. While the DAF separation after pre-coagulation using inorganic coagulants was not accomplished due to the low intensity of the floc, DAF after pre-coagulation using both the inorganic and cationic polymer coagulants was accomplished very well. Optimal dosage of cationic polymer coagulant in case of $500mg/{\ell}$ Alum dosage was founded as $500mg/{\ell}$.

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Flocculation Kinetics Using Fe(III) Coagulant in Advanced Water Treatment: The Effect of Sulfate Ion (상수처리시 Fe(III) 응집제를 이용한 응집동력학에 관한 연구 : 황산이온의 영향)

  • 강임석;이병헌
    • Journal of Environmental Science International
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    • v.4 no.4
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    • pp.367-377
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    • 1995
  • The study of flocculation kinetics is of fundamental interest in the field of water treatment, because rational study of the factors affecting the coagulation process should be based on the rate of particle growth. The effect of sulfate on flocculation kinetics were examined using ferric nitrate as a coagulant to coagulate kaolin clay in water under several experimental conditions. Both the particle size distribution data obtained from the AIA and the on-line measurement of turbidity fluctuation by the PDA were used to measure flocculation kinetics. Results show that sulfate ion added to the kaolin suspension played an important role in the flocculation process, not only improving flocculation kinetics at more acidic pH levels but also changing surface charge of particles. The kinetics of flocculation were improved mainly by the enhanced rate and extent of Fe(III) precipitation attributed to the addition of sulfate, and thereby, better interparticle collision frequency, but little by the charge reductions resulting from the sulfate addition. The increase in sulfate concentration beyond $3\times10^{-4}M (up to 2\times10^{-3}M)$ did not induce further improvement in flocculation kinetics, although the higher concentrations of sulfate ion substantially increased the negative ZP value of particles. Key Words : Flocculation Kinetics, Fe(III) Coagulant, Sulfate ion, Turbidity Fluctuation.

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CST를 적용한 하수슬러지 탈수특성에 관한 연구

  • Gu, Bong-Heon;Lee, Chang-Su;Jeon, Bong-Jun;Park, Seung-Cheol
    • Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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    • 2005.05a
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    • pp.356-359
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    • 2005
  • 하수를 처리하는 공정에서 해마다 슬러지의 발생량은 증가하고 있으며, 이를 효과적으로 처리하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 따라서, 본 연구는 경제적이면서도 측정이 간편한CST(Cap-illary Suction Time)을 통해 슬러지 의 탈수성 과 적 정 주입량을 산출하는 방법을 연구하였다. 이를 위하여 본 실험의 대상인 도시 하수슬러지에 대하여 함수율 및 pH변화, 무기 및 유기 응집제의 주입량 변화, 그리고 응집제 투입 후 침전된 응집제량을 조사하여 탈수성을 조사하였다. 슬러지의 함수율을 97%, 98%, 99%로 했을 때, CST는 99%일 때가 가장 적은 값으로 나타났다 응집제 주입 후 침전된 슬러지의 생성량은 응집제가 증가됨에 따라 증가하다가, 최적 주입량보다 더 많은 응집제를 주입할 경우에는 그 양이 감소했다. 이는 형성된 응집물의 구조적 특성의 변화를 나타내고 있음을 알 수 있다. 위와 같은 실험 결과를 통해 CST는 수분이내(< Smin)에 슬러지의 탈수성을 신속하게 측정할 수 있는 방법이며 비교적 정확하게 측정할 수 있음을 알 수 있다. 뿐만 아니라 응집제의 최적 주입량 및 응집물의 구조적 특성을 평가하는 데에도 유용하게 사용할 수 있다.

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Comparison of Fe(III) Coagulants and their Characterization for Water Treatment (수처리용 Fe(III)계 응집제의 특성 및 응집특성 비교)

  • Han, Seung Woo;Kang, Lim Seok
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.38 no.4
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    • pp.169-176
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    • 2016
  • This research explored the feasibility of preparing and utilizing preformed polymeric solution of Fe(III) as coagulants for water treatment. The differentiation and quantification of hydrolytic Fe(III) species in coagulant was done by utilizing spectrophotometric method based on the interaction of Fe(III) with Ferron as a complexing agent. The properties of the synthesized polymeric iron chloride (PICl) showed that the quantity of polymeric Fe(III) produced at r = 1.5 was 20% of the total iron in solution, as showing maximum contents. Coagulation experiments were conducted under the condition of various coagulant doses and pH for each coagulant prepared. From the comparison of the characterization of coagulation for $FeCl_3$ (r = 0.0) and PICl (r = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5) coagulants, PICl (r = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5) coagulants was found to be more effective than other coagulant for the removal of organic matters. The experimental results for the coagulation tests at various pH ranges showed that the PICl was least affected by the coagulation pH and PICl was very effective for the removal of turbidity and organic materials over wide pH range (pH 4-9) tested.

Bio-mediated Flocculation by Extracellular Polymeric Substances in Cohesive Sediment Suspensions: Experimental Study (생체고분자물질이 부유사 응집에 미치는 영향 연구)

  • Baek, Seung-Ryong;Kim, Jae-In;O, Min-Ji;Lee, Byeong-Jun
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2015.05a
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    • pp.107-107
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    • 2015
  • 최근 기후변화로 인한 강우강도 증대, 산업화에 따른 토지개발 등으로 인하여 다량의 점착성 부유사(Cohesive Sediments)가 하천, 호소 등 수자원 환경으로 유입되고 있다. 점착성 부유사는 하천, 호소의 난류 조건에 따라 부유하거나 혹은 응집, 침전하여 하상 저니층을 형성한다. 부유사, 미생물 및 각종 유기입자가 포함된 하상 저니층은 검은색으로 외관상 보기 좋지 않을 뿐 아니라, 혐기성상태에서 부패하여 수생태계의 건강성을 해치게 된다. 또한 미세 부유사 및 미생물 입자는 각종 중금속, 유기오염물질을 흡착하고, 조건에 따라 재용출할 수 있는 저장매체로 작용하기 때문에 수자원환경에 미치는 영향이 아주 크다. 특히, 수중 미생물(조류) 작용에 의해 생성되는 EPS (Extracellular Polymeric Substances)는 부유사 및 미생물 입자들을 서로 엉겨 붙게 하여, 부유사-미생물 혼합 응집체 및 저니층 형성을 가속화하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 EPS가 부유사 응집에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여, Xanthan Gum (Sigma-Aldrich, USA)을 EPS의 지표 물질로 사용하고, Kaolinite(Sigma-Aldrich, USA)를 수자원환경에 존재하는 대표적인 부유사로 사용하여 응집실험(Jar Test)을 수행하였다. 이온농도가 응집에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 수체 이온농도를 0.0001M NaCl, 0.001M NaCl, 0.01M NaCl, 그리고 0.001M NaCl + 0.1mg/L $Ca^{2+}$, 0.001M NaCl + 0.5mg/L $Ca^{2+}$, 0.001M NaCl + 1.0 mg/L $Ca^{2+}$으로 보정하여 응집실험을 수행하였다. 250 rpm 급속 교반 1븐, 50 rpm 완속교반 5시간, 침잔 1시간 후 응집체를 채취하여 응집체 이미지 분석을 통해 응집체 크기 및 형상을 측정하였고, 수표면 2 cm 지점에서 상등액을 채수하여 잔류 고형물 농도 분석을 실시하였다. 응집실험을 통하여 다음과 같은 결과를 도출하였다.. 낮은 이온농도의 경우, EPS가 큰 고분자 구조체에 부유 입자들이 엮어 응집되는 Sweeping Flocculation의 특징을 나타내었다. 하지만, 이온농도가 높아질수록 경우, EPS 고분자 구조체 내부 반발력이 감소하여 크기가 축소되고, 이에 따라 부유 입자 표면에 패치 형태로 흡착되었다. EPS가 패치형태로 입자에 흡착한 경우, 응집제 농도 증가에 따라 응집능 최적점이 형성되고, 이후 표면하전 역전이나 Steric Stabilization에 의해 응집능이 저감되는 형태를 나타낸다. 따라서,수중이온농도가 EPS의 사슬형 고분자 응집제의 크기, 형태(Morphology)를 결정하고, 더 나아가 응집능을 결정하는 중요한 인자로 나타났다. 따라서, 후속 연구를 통하여 생체고분자물질의 크기 및 형태 변화, 이에 따른 응집능변화를 면밀히 연구하고자 한다.

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Coagulating effects of several eco-friendly coagulant materials favorable for vermicomposting sewage sludge (하수슬러지에 대한 지렁이처리법 적용에 유리한 몇 가지 친환경 응집물질의 하수슬러지에 대한 응집효과)

  • Bae, Yoon-Hwan;Park, Soon-Cheol
    • Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.52-62
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    • 2015
  • Coagulating effects of eco-friendly coagulant materials such as zeolite, kaolinite, loess and chitosan upon sewage sludge were evaluated. And coagulating effects of the mixtures of those materials and polymer (polyacrylamide) were also investigated. Coagulating efficiency of loess was higher than that of kaolinite and zeolite at the treatment levels of 2,500~50,000mg/L. Coagulating efficiencies of zeolite, kaolinite and loess at the treatment level of 20,000mg/L were lower than that of 1,000 mg/L of polymer, which meant that single application of those materials in real plant were not feasible. At the treatment level of 1,000 mg/L, coagulating efficiency of Chitosan was much lower than that of polymer, which also meant that single use of chitosan in real plant could be unrealistic because of its high price. However, the application of the mixture of 'polymer 80mg/L + kaolinite or loess 500 mg/L + chitosn 10mg/L' or the mixture of 'polymer 80mg/L + kaolinite or loess 500mg/L' was promising way for coagulating sewage sludge.