• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2021

Spasmodic dysphonia, essential tremor, and vocal tremor related with Parkinson's disease are different disorders showing fairly similar symptoms such as difficulty in the speech onset, and tremble in the voice. However, the cause and the resulting treatment of these diseases are different. Spasmodic dysphonia is a vocal disorder characterized by spasms of the laryngeal muscles during a speech, invoking broken, tense, forced, and strangled voice patterns. Such difficult-to-treat dysphonia disease is classified as central-origin-focal dystonia, of a yet unknown etiology. Its symptoms arise because of intermittent and involuntary muscle contractions during speech. Essential tremor, on the other hand, is characterized by a rhythmic laryngeal movement, resulting in alterations of rhythmic pitch and loudness during speech or even at rest. Severe cases of tremor may cause speech breaks like those of adductor spasmodic dysphonia. In the case of hyper-functional tension of vocal folds and accompanying tremors, it is necessary to distinguish these disorders from muscular dysfunction. A diversified assessment through the performance of specific speech tasks and a thorough understanding for the identification of the disorder is necessary for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of patients with vocal tremors.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• autumn
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• pp.135-138
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• 2004

음성처리기술은 정보화 시대를 위한 주요 기술의 하나이다. 이 중에서도 음성합성의 연구는 디지털 신호처리 기술과 컴퓨터의 발달로 활발히 진행되고 있다. 그러나 음성 합성기에 의해 발생된 합성음의 음질은 이해도 면에서는 상당한 진전이 있었지만, 자연감 면에서는 만족한 수준에 도달할 수 없었는데, 이러한 합성시스템의 문제점을 해결하는 방법은 다양하게 적용되는 언어정보와 합성음의 자연감을 결정하는 정확한 운율정보가 필요하다. 그러나 구한 운율 정보가 자연음에 존재하는 모든 운율 법칙을 포함할 수 없고, 또한 추출한 운율 법칙이 틀린 것이면 자연감이나 이해도가 떨어지는 합성음이 만들어지고 이것은 음성 합성 시스템의 실용화에 장애로 작용할 것이다. 본 논문은 한국어 음성 합성 시 문제가 되는 자연감을 높이기 위한 한 방법으로 자연음에 내재하는 운율 변화를 효율적으로 학습할 수 있는 인공 신경망을 제안하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.12-14
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• 2019

Functional dysphonia (FD) is a disease entity which includes various voice disorders in the absence of structural or neurologic laryngeal pathology. Muscle tension dysphonia (MTD), psychogenic dysphonia are representative FD with completely different pathogenesis. Therefore there is no standard treatment modality for FD, the first step of treatment of FD is differentiating patient's voice symptoms from other organic voice disorders and other functional voice problems. MTD is a functional voice disorder caused by hyperfunction of intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal musculature. Symptoms include increased vocal effort, roughness, fatigue and odynophonia. First line for MTD is indirect or direct voice therapy. Unfortunately, many patients with MTD improve with voice therapy alone. For these patients, various modalities tried; lidocaine application, surgical excision of the false vocal folds, and botulinum toxin injection, etc. Botulinum toxin injections are widely used in the field of otolaryngology, especially for spasmodic dysphonia. However, its use in FD or MTD has only been described in few case reports. The aim of this lecture is to evaluate the feasibility of botulinum toxin injection for FD, especially MTD.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.19-33
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• 2005

Tremor is a main factor of parkinsonism. Voice tremor may be the first, later or the only symptom of a neurological disease and its frequency, amplitude, and regularity may differ among the diseases of different neural subsystems. Differential diagnosis between idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) has been difficult. This study included three groups: (1) 6 IPD patients; (2) 6 MSA patients; and (3) 20 ageand sex-matched normal controls. The MDVP (Multidimensional Voice Program) was used to analyze the sustained /a/phonation. The results were as follows: (1) frequency perturbation parameters (jitter, sPPQ, Vf0) and FTRI of tremor parameter of two patient groups were statistically different from those of the controls (p < .01); (2) measures were higher in short-term and long-term f0 and amplitude perturbation in MSA than IPD; (3) however, any acoustic parameters between IPD and MSA were not statistically different; except for the rate of frequency tremor, 4$\sim$5 Hz in IPD, 5$\sim$11 Hz in MSA and (4) the pattern of regularity for voice tremor through histogram indicated that amplitude of IPD was irregular while both f0 and amplitude of MSA were irregular. In conclusion, F0, rate of frequency tremor, and pattern of f0 regularity may be predictors for differential diagnosis. These findings might signify that voice tremor of parkinsonism was resulted from modulation of f0.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.99-103
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• 2012

Spasmodic dysphonia is a chronic, focal, movement-induced, action-specific dystonia of the laryngeal musculature during speech. It can have a profound effect on quality of life, severely limiting people's communication, especially via telephone and in noisy backgrounds. Spasmodic dysphonia (SD) is usually of the adductor type characterized by glottic contractions causing tightness and voice breaks with forced-strangled voice, but it may also be abductor type or, much less commonly, mixed. Treatment options for adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD) include voice therapy, surgical procedures, and botulinum toxin injections (Botox). The use of Botox injected into the laryngeal muscles remains the "gold standard" treatment for reducing the vocal symptoms of ADSD and Botox induces a temporary paresis of the laryngeal muscles and provides short-term relief of symptoms. Repeated injections of the laryngeal muscles, generally every 3-4 months, are required for continuous relief of symptoms. Improvement in vocal function has been reported after use of Botox injections, though a completely normal voice is rarely achieved. In this hospital, 1,030 patients have been enrolled for Botox injection therapy so far (May, 2012). In this review article, I'd like to present my personal experience of management of spasmodic dysphonia mainly by Botox injection.

• The Proceeding of the Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.12-26
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• 2004

21세기는 급속히 진전하는 IT가 사회, 생활 속에 넓게 침투하여 디지털 정보의 유통이 사람들의 모든 사회활동과 연관되어 글로벌화, 지식산업화, 그리고 디지털화되는 정보통신 시대이다. 향후 사회는 최적으로 연결된 상태로 언제, 어디서나, 유용한 정보 및 오락 서비스로의 연결을 절실하게 필요로 한다. 따라서, 이것을 충족시켜 주기 위한 음성, 문자, 영상 및 인터넷 등 통신미디어의 중요성이 최근 크게 부각되고 있다. 특히 이동통신에서의 대용량 고속 멀티미디어 통신기술 및 유무선 통신 통합이 강조되고 있다. 또한 누구와도 통화가 가능하도록 하기 위하여 가입자가 무선을 매체로 전체 통신망의 기능을 사용할 수 있도록 하는 데 그 목적이 있다. (중략)

• 정보화사회
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• s.117
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• pp.18-22
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• 1997

디지탈기술을 도입함으로써, 영상, 음성 등의 정보를 디지탈신호의 형태로 보낼 수 있을 뿐 아니라 고도의 다양한 방송기능이 추가되어, 방송시스템의 인테리전트화(고기능화, 다채널화, 쌍방향화)가 가능해진다. 이에 따라 방송미디어는 TV발명이래 최대의 도약이 가능해지며, 진전이 현저한 정보통신미디어 가운데에서, 앞으로 경쟁력강화를 꾀할 수 있게됨과 아울러 보다 풍요로운 국민생활 실현에 공헌할 것으로 기대할 수 잇다. 이를 실현하기 위해서는 디지탈 방송방식의 기술적조건의 기술적조건의 방향을 분명히함과 동시에, 디지탈화의 포텐셜을 최대한으로 발휘할 수 있는 방송, 방식을 채택하여, 앞으로의 기술개발성과 등을 유연하게 활용할 수 있는 발전성을 지닌 방송 인프라스트럭쳐를 구축함이 중요해진다.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.148-156
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• 1989

This investigation was performed in eutrophic lake within the framework of a series of studies to evaluate the significance of gram reaction for both bacterioplankton and attached bacteria in the dynamics of organic materials at various aquatic ecosystems. In Lake Kasumigaura as a representative of the highly eutrophic freshwater environments, the gram-stain characteristics of the bacterial community changed with the influx of pulses of phytoplankton, as those in the meso trophic environments. The predominency of the gram-negative forms in the bacterial community was about 57% for bacterioplankton and about 53% for attached bacteria. The statistical analysis of the difference of these two distributions showed that these communites were different. Both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria attached to particles were shown to effect the formation and degradation of particulate organic matter. Gram-negative bacteria plankton participate exclusively in the dynamics of dissolved organic matter.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.95-107
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• 2012

As BTX-A, which has been known to be the most effective treatment for ADSD, is not effective in treating vocal tremors, voice assessment must be employed to perform differential diagnosis of SD and vocal tremor in an accurate fashion. In this study, the characteristics of vocal changes after botulinum toxin injection were compared by analyzing the voice characteristics resulting from the presence of vocal tremors using objective analysis devices, with the aim of helping to provide prognoses and to determine remedial effects in clinical cases comprising patients with adductor spasmodic dysphonia accompanied by voice tremors. Respiratory function tests, aerodynamic analysis, electroglottography (EGG), acoustic analysis, auditory perception tests, and K-VHI had been conducted at intervals of four, eight, and twelve weeks before and after injection, targeting a group of 17 ADSD female patients (a ADSD group of four with vocal tremor and a ADSD group of 13 without voice tremor). For average FVC and FEV1, the T group showed statistically significant low averages compared with the NT group, whereas the T group showed statistically significant high average ATRI compared with the NT group. In addition, the T group showed a statistically significant Fatr, lower than that of the NT group. For the ADSD group of patients with voice tremor, their vocal tremor remained unchanged despite noticeable decrease in wringing voices. In other words, as the vocal tremor and wringing voices are two distinctive features, there is a need for the two features to be targeted separately for differential diagnosis.

• JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL WORLD
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• s.255
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• pp.62-69
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• 1998

이동체통신시스템은 디지털방식에의 전환이 진전되어 음성통신에서 멀티미디어 통신으로의 기대가 높아지고 있다. 또 공중이동체통신에서는 앞으로도 큰 수요가 예상되고 있는데 이를 배경으로 생활공간의 확대, 경제활동의 다양화에 따라 이동체통신의 즉시성$\cdot$간편성 등이 평가를 받아 여러 세대층에서 이용이 확대되는 등, 정보통신의 역할과 중요성이 증대된 것을 들 수 있다. 1996년말 현재 1억 3630만명이 100개국 이상의 국가에서 휴대전화를 이용하고 있다. 한편 일본의 PHS를 포함하는 휴대전화 가입자수는 ''97년 6월에 3000만을 초과, 보급률로는 구미각국의 수준에 근접하고 있다. 현재 실용화 되고있는 CDMA 등의 휴대전화방식에 비하여 가입자 수의 증가에 대처할 수 있도록 G율적이면서 대용량의 통신을 할 수 있는 방식에 대한 검토$\cdot$연구가 각국에서 행해지고 있다. 그 중 하나가 INT-2000(FPLMTS)방식의 차세대통신시스템으로, 2000년의 실용화를 목표로 일본, 구주, 미국이 각각 차차세대의 고속무선액세스시스템, 차세대 LEO를 이용한 이동체위성통신시스템 등과 함께 상호의 연대를 포함한 검토$\cdot$연구가 추진되고 있다. 이 차세대 통신시스템에서는 세계 각국의 통신방식을 통일하여 하나의 휴대단말을 공통으로 사용할 수 있고 아울러 멀티미디어통시네의 적용이 가능한 방식이 되도록 검토하고 있다. 한편 일본에서는 업무용 이동체통신시스템에서도 디지털화가 진전되어 음석중심의 서비스에서 멀티미디어통신으로 옮겨가고 있다.