• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2001

Purpose : Urinary tract infections (UTIs) of children require prompt and correct diagnosis and treatment to reduce the risk of renal damage. As a first step to improve the outcome of UTI in Korea, we investigated the practical variations in the methods of diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of children with UTI and UTI prevention. Method :A questionnaire related to the individual policy on UTI diagnosis. treatment, imaging test, and prevention was submitted to 26 experts. Result Majority of the experts used bag-collected urine specimen for infants and mid-stream urine specimen for children for urinary culture. With a negative result of culture study, they diagnosed UTI when there was pyuria, positive results of the nitrite test, or bacteriuria. 80 $\%$ of experts prescribed prophylactic antibiotics after upper tract UTI. Operative treatment of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) was indicated for children older than one or two years old with high-grade VUR, refractory breakthrough infections, or recurrent UTIs. Most of them performed kidney ultrasonography on the diagnosis of UTI and more than half of them evaluated children treated of UTI with vesicocystourethrogram and/or DMSA scintigraphy. Majority did not recommend circumcision. Half of the experts were screening siblings of VUR patients. Conclusion : Considering the variations exposed through this study systematic guidelines for management of children with UTI in Korean would be necessary. (J. Korean Soc Pediatr Nephrol 5 : 15-21, 2001)

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2003

Purpose: To investigate the relation of the gastric epithelial cell proliferation, apoptosis and genotypes of H. pylori in children. Methods: Histologic grading by updated Sydney system, PCNA immunostaining, TUNEL method and the genotypes (cagA, picB and iceA) by PCR were performed in H. pylori positive (N=20) and negative (N=20) gastric biopsy specimens. Results: PCNA index was significantly different between H. pylori positive children ($77.4{\pm}13.12$) and H. pylori negative children ($52.3{\pm}12.20$) (p=0.000). There were positive correlations between PCNA index and H. pylori density (r=0.624, p=0.000), polymorphonuclear neutrophil activity (r=0.460, p=0.005) and chronic inflammation (r=0.433, p=0.009). Apoptosis index of H. pylori positive children ($0.70{\pm}0.411$) was significantly higher than of H. pylori negative children ($0.14{\pm}0.201$) (p=0.000). Positive correlations between apoptosis index and H. pylori density (r=0.691, p=0.000), polymorphonuclear neutrophil activity (r=0.585, p=0.000) and chronic inflammation (r=0.535, p=0.001) were noted. As PCNA index increased, apoptosis index significantly increased (r=0.527, p=0.001). The positive rates of genotypes were cagA 90%, picB 75%, iceA1 60% and iceA2 15%, respectively. There were no significant correlations between the status of the genotypes and PCNA index, apoptosis index, the endoscopic findings and the histologic findings. Conclusion: PCNA index and apoptosis index in H. pylori positive children were higher than in H. pylori negative children but were not related to H. pylori genotypes. This study suggested that correlatively increased gastric epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis are important to pathogenesis of H. pylori infection in children.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.306-313
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• 2002

Purpose: Diuretic renography (DR) can be false negative in patients with upper urinary tract obstruction due to low compliance of the renal pelvis. Delayed parenchymal transit (DPT) may be a valuable sign in case of false negative DR. We compared the diagnostic values of DR and DPT during Tc-99m MAG3 diuretic scan in adults with suspected unilateral obstructive uropathy. Materials and Methods: Fifty-four patients(male:female=30:24, age: $40.7{\pm}15.5$ yrs) who underwent Tc-99m MAG3 diuretic scan due to suspicious unilateral obstructive uropathy were analyzed. DR with a $T_{1/2}\;of\;>\;15min$ was considered as positive for obstruction. DPT was considered to be present when there was delayed appearance of radioactivity in the renal pelvis and prolonged retention of radioactivity in the renal parenchyma. The renal area ratio was defined as the ratio of pixel number of hydronephrotic kidney over that of normal contralateral at $1{\sim}2min$ images. Definition of obstruction was improved hydronephrosis after intervention, or aggravated hydronephrosis without intervention. Non-obstruction was defined as unchanged hydronephrosis over 6 months. Results: Twenty-six renal units had obstruction and 28 no obstruction. The sensitivities of DR and DPT were 69% (18/26) and 50% (13/26) respectively. Two renal units with DPT but negative DR showed the renal area ratio of <1.1. Among the 20 obstructive renal units with DPT or positive DR, 13 with DPT had lower renal area ratio than 7 renal units without DPT ($0.97{\pm}0.20\;vs\;1.30{\pm}0.41,\;p<0.05$). Differential renal function was not significantly different between these groups. DPT correctly diagnosed all renal units with non-obstruction (specificity 100%), while the specificity of DR was 89% (25/28). Conclusion: DPT during Tc-99m MAG3 diuretic scan may be a valuable sign in diagnosing urinary obstruction especially in patients with false negative DR and early HN.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.54-70
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• 1998

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of structural and functional changes of the brain in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Methods : The authors measured the regions of interest on the magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in 20 patients with paranoid schizophrenia(15 men and 5 women) and 23 control subjects(15 men and 8 women). We also assessed the neurocognitive functions with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, the Benton Neuropsychological Assessment, and the Weschler IQ test-Korean version, soft neurologic signs, and psychiatric symptoms in the patient group. Results : In the patient group, all ventricles and basal ganglia including caudate nucleus and globus pallidus were significantly enlarged. Although there were no significant differences between the two groups in the values of right frontal lobe and left temporal lobe, there was a tendency of decrease in the values of right frontal lobe and left temporal lobe. There were significant positive correlations between the values of ventricles and the frequency of previous hospitalization. However, there were no significant correlations between other values of regions of interest and clinical data. The value of the right frontal lobe was significantly correlated with the score of soft neurologic signs, which is suggestive of the neurodevelopmental abnormalities. There were significant correlations between the value of frontal lobe and the scores of the various subscales of Benton Neuropsychiatric Inventory. In contrast, the value of left amygdala and putamen showed significant correlation with the score of verbal IQ on the Weschler IQ test. Structural changes of the temporal lobe areas were related with the positive and general symptom scores on PANSS, while those of the basal ganglia were related with the negative symptom scores. Conclusions : These results suggest that the structural changes of the brain in the patients with schizophrenia show the dual process, which is suggestive that the enlarged ventricle show the neurodegenerative process, while enlarged basal ganglia, and shrinked right frontal and left temporal lobe show the neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Among these changes, structural changes of the frontal lobe related with various neuropsychological deficits, while those of left temporal lobe related with language abnormality. Relative to the relation between structural changes and psychiatric symptoms, structural changes of the temporal lobe areas were related with the positive and general symptoms, while those of the basal ganglia were related with the negative symptoms.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.10
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• pp.1147-1152
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• 2009

Purpose:To characterize the pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibilities in more than 24-month-old children with urinary tract infection (UTI) and to study the Escherichia coli antimicrobial susceptibility trend. Methods:We retrospectively reviewed the record of more than 24-month-old children with UTI between January 2003 and December 2008. Positive results for 1 bacterial species with a colony count of ${\geq}10^5CFU/mL$ was considered statistically significant. We analyzed uropathogens and their antibiotic susceptibilities. To investigate E. coli antibiotic susceptibility trend, we compared 2 study periods (group A: 2003-2005 versus group B: 2006-2008) using the chi-square test for trend. Results:In all, 63 bacterial isolates were identified in children with febrile UTI. The most common pathogen was E. coli (77.8%). There was no difference in the resistance patterns of uropathogens during the 2 study periods (P>0.05). Antibiotic susceptibility of the E. coli isolates to aztreonam, cefotetan, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, amikacin, and imipenem was >90% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol, 49% and to ampicillin and ampicillin/sulbactam, 20-25%. Over the 2 study period, the E. coli susceptibilities to most antibiotics did not change: the susceptibility to cefuroxime increased from 74.1% to 95.5% (P=0.046) and that to ciprofloxacin increased from 59.3% to 86.4% (P=0.039). Conclusion:Empirical treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, and ampicillin/sulbactam alone appeared to be insufficient in childhood UTI because of the high resistance of E. coli and other gram-negative uropathogens. Antibiotics for empirical therapy should be selected based on the sensitivity and resistance pattern of uropathogens found in a particular region.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.498-505
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• 2007

Management options for impacted maxillary canines can include (1) continued observation, (2) extraction of the primary canine to aid spontaneous eruption, (3) uncovering and bonding of the impacted tooth and its eruption using orthodontic traction, (4) autotransplantation, and (5) extraction followed by prosthetic replacement. Autotransplantation should be considered when the degree of malposition is too severe to correct by orthodontic alignment. The present report describes the management of an ectopic eruption of the left maxillary canine in an 10-year-old girl. The treatment included the extraction of primary maxillary left canine and the autotransplantation using a Rapid Prototyping model. By using RP model to contour the recipient bone and check for fitting in the prepared socket, the extra-oral time can reduce. The autotransplanted canine showed mobility within normal limit, negative response to percussion and positive to electric pulp test after 6 months.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.51-58
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• 2011

Due to the digital technology, the TV broadcasting platform is evolving to the digital-TV, which is supporting data broadcasting service. Although the data broadcasting services (i.e., games, wether information, stock trading service) provide rich entertainment to viewers, they make the operation manners of digital-TV so complex that some viewers feel difficulty in using their TV sets. Several researches have been performed to address the problem by improving the functions of EPG such as searching and reserving programs, applying gesture and voice recognition technologies to operating EPG, guiding the design of the EPG's user interface, and developing agents helping EPG to behave intelligently. A research, however, that tries to address the problem that viewers have different familiarities with IT services has not been performed yet. The paper tackles the problem by letting a viewer to choose an EPG configuration (among the several EPG configurations provided by a broadcasting network) and designing an EPG that implements an EPG configuration based on the choice.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2007

연구 목적 : 구취의 주된 화학적 요소는 휘발성 황 화합물 (VSCs)들이다. 이들은 치태, 설태, 타액과 혈액, 상피세포의 혐기성 그람 음성 세균에 의한 단백분해 변성으로 만들어 진다. 또한 구취는 치주질환과 타액내의 세균의 증가를 야기하는 불량한 구강 위생상태에서 기인한다고 보고되고 있다. 이 연구의 목적은 VSCs를 측정함으로 구취에 대한 비외과적 치주 치료의 영향을 평가하고, 타액내의 세균 수를 측정함으로써 VSCs와의 상관관계를 살펴보고자 하는 것이다. 연구 대상 및 방법 : 중등도의 만성치주염을 가지는 23명의 참가자들이 대조군과 실험군으로 분류되었다. 대조군은 구강위생교육 (치간청결기구와 혀세정 포함)만을 시행하였고 실험군은 구강위생교육과 함께 24시간 내에 전악 치석제거술과 치근활택술을 시행하였다. 치료 전과 치료 4주 후에 VSCs 농도를 $Halimeter^{(R)}$(Interscan Corp., CA, USA)를 사용하여 측정하였고 타액 시료는 혐기성과 호기성 조건에서 배양되었다. 결과 : 4주 후에 두 군 모두에서 휘발성 황화합물의 농도가 유의하게 감소하였고, 실험군에서의 감소량이 통계적으로 유의하게 더 크게 나타났다. 타액 내 세균의 배양에서 총세균수에 대한 혐기성 세균의 비율이 실험군에서만 통계적으로 유의하게 감소하였다. 그러나 세균의 비율과 휘발성 황화합물의 농도와의 상관관계는 낮게 나타났다. 즉 구취의 감소는 타액 요인 보다는 치주치료에 의한 다른 복합적인 인자의 작용에 의한 것으로 추론할 수 있었다. 결론 : 본 연구는 중등도의 치주염환자에서 구강위생교육만으로도 구취의 주요 화학적 요인인 휘발성 황화합물의 농도를 감소시킬 수 있으나 비외과적 치주치료를 동반하였을 때 더욱 큰 효과를 얻을 수 있는 것으로 해석된다. 그러나 실험 참가자의 수가 적었고 장기간의 분석이 이루어지지 않았으므로 앞으로 더 많은 연구가 구취에 대한 치주치료의 영향을 이해하기 위해서 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.71-90
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• 2009

Recently, highway service becomes a very important service in highways. Highway service is considered as a positive interaction method between highway service companies and customers. From this perspective, this study was to investigate the relationships between influencing factors of highway service and user satisfaction. And, this research was to examine the differences between importance and performance of highway service factors using IPA (Importance-Performance Analysis). The result of this study has categorised the 22 highway service attributes into seven highway service selection factors: food, culture, kindness and health, products, large space, employee and Phone, facility. Using IPA, this study has compared the importance and performance of highway service selection factors, as perceived highway service customers. The empirical findings suggest that strategic framework using IPA gives guidelines that improve effectiveness of highway service.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.608-616
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• 2010

Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation, managing the line number 5,6,7 and 8 has inspected and maintained for the maintenance of the facilities spread in the extended 152km and 148 stations. Despite the thorough inspection for prevention of the facility failure, the failure has continuously occurred, due to the environmental factors of the underground, mechanical worn-out caused by frequent use, aging facilities, system error, negligence on use, etc. We have achieved a 53.4% reduction in the number of failure by the end of June, 2010 by breaking the conventional way of inspections and maintenance and by adopting quantitative goal management and new way of work. In this paper, we will analyze the problems of inspections and maintenance of the railway facilities, the failure reduction strategy and the performance of each strategy.