• Land and Housing Review
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.45-51
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to examine the performance of formaldehyde removal from building materials using catechin contained in ginkgo leaf. A small chamber method was used to set up one control group and three experimental groups. As a result, it showed a reduction of formaldehyde from at least 73.5% to 77% when it was increased by 0.4g compared to the control (0g). In addition, it was confirmed by linear regression analysis that the amount of ginkgo leaf and the amount of formaldehyde emission were negatively correlated. Therefore, it was confirmed that the amount of formaldehyde emission was affected by ginkgo leaf.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.664-666
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• 2001

사용자의 다양한 요구사항에 따른 소프트웨어 구조의 방대함과 복잡함으로 인하여 소프트웨어 부품을 재사용 하는 방식의 컴포넌트 개발 방법이 최근 각광을 받고 있다. 이런 추세에 맞추어 IBM, SUN, 한국2전자통신연구원 등의 여러 기관에서 공용 컴포넌트 개발, 컴포넌트 생성 및 조립기술, 컴포넌트 시험 및 품질평가 기술, 컴포넌트 유통기술 등의 컴포넌트 관련 기술 사업을 추진 중에 있다. 특히 특정 영역에서 공통으로 사용될 수 있는 공용 컴포넌트를 개발하여 공용 컴포넌트 은행에 저장하고, 컴포넌트 사용의 공영 체제를 구축하는 것은 급변하는 사용자의 요구에 따른 소프트웨어 시장 변화에 신속하게 대처할 수 있는 중요한 방안이라 할 수 있다. 이 논문에서는 EJB(Java Enterprise Beans)컴포넌트 은행 구축 시 사용자의 요구사항에 적합한 컴포넌트를 선택하고 해당 컴포넌트에 대한 올바른 이해를 돕는데 중요한 확장된 EJB 컴포넌트 명세를 제안한다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.97-129
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• 2006

This study investigates whether dynamic loan loss provisioning is necessary in Korean banking environments. Under the dynamic provisioning rule banks are required to accumulate additional reserves to general and specific provisionings in preparation for expected loan losses until maturity. This provisioning is most effective in the case that banks tend to recognize less loan losses in the business upturns and/or in the periods of increasing profits. The empirical study, however, shows that banks support procyclicality of loan loss privisioning and earning smoothing behavior over profit fluctuations. These findings suggest that Korea would not seriously need the introduction of dynamic loan loss provisioning. But this policy implication does not seem robust in view that the recent experience shows the countercyclicality of loan loss provisioning practices and negative correlation between earnings and provisioning after financial restructuring was completed. This result is partly attributable to vigorous shareholder activism because of high foreign ownership of most commercial banks. Once it is true that bank management is more interested in short-term performances, current loan loss provisioning would have attributes of impairing capital adequacy, hence strengthening loan loss provisiong requirements.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.109-153
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• 1992

This paper estimates a translog cost function for the Korea's banking industry and derives various implications on the prospect for the Korean banking structure in the future based on the estimated efficiency indicators for the banking sector. The Korean banking industry is permitted to operate trust business to the full extent and the security business to a limited extent, while it is formally subjected to the strict, specialized banking system. Security underwriting and investment businesses are allowed in a very limited extent only for stocks and bonds of maturity longer than three year and only up to 100 percent of the bank paid-in capital. Until the end of 1991, the ceiling was only up to 25 percent of the total balance of the demand deposits. However, they are prohibited from the security brokerage business. While the in-house integration of security businesses with the traditional business of deposit and commercial lending is restrictively regulated as such, Korean banks can enter the security business by establishing subsidiaries in the industry. This paper, therefore, estimates the efficiency indicators as well as the cost functions, identifying the in-house integrated trust business and security investment business as important banking activities, for various cases where both the production and the intermediation function approaches in modelling the financial intermediaries are separately applied, and the banking businesses of deposit, lending and security investment as one group and the trust businesses as another group are separately and integrally analyzed. The estimation results of the efficiency indicators for various cases are summarized in Table 1 and Table 2. First, security businesses exhibit economies of scale but also economies of scope with traditional banking activities, which implies that in-house integration of the banking and security businesses may not be a nonoptimal banking structure. Therefore, this result further implies that the transformation of Korea's banking system from the current, specialized system to the universal banking system will not impede the improvement of the banking industry's efficiency. Second, the lending businesses turn out to be subjected to diseconomies of scale, while exhibiting unclear evidence for economies of scope. In sum, it implies potential efficiency gain of the continued in-house integration of the lending activity. Third, the continued integration of the trust businesses seems to contribute to improving the efficiency of the banking businesses, since the trust businesses exhibit economies of scope. Fourth, deposit services and fee-based activities, such as foreign exchange and credit card businesses, exhibit economies of scale but constant returns to scope, which implies, the possibility of separating those businesses from other banking and trust activities. The recent trend of the credit card business being operated separately from other banking activities by an independent identity in Korea as well as in the global banking market seems to be consistent with this finding. Then, how can the possibility of separating deposit services from the remaining activities be interpreted? If one insists a strict definition of commercial banking that is confined to deposit and commercial lending activities, separating the deposit service will suggest a resolution or a disappearance of banking, itself. Recently, however, there has been a suggestion that separating banks' deposit and lending activities by allowing a depository institution which specialize in deposit taking and investing deposit fund only in the safest securities such as government securities to administer the deposit activity will alleviate the risk of a bank run. This method, in turn, will help improve the safety of the payment system (Robert E. Litan, What should Banks Do? Washington, D.C., The Brookings Institution, 1987). In this context, the possibility of separating the deposit activity will imply that a new type of depository institution will arise naturally without contradicting the efficiency of the banking businesses, as the size of the banking market grows in the future. Moreover, it is also interesting to see additional evidences confirming this statement that deposit taking and security business are cost complementarity but deposit taking and lending businesses are cost substitute (see Table 2 for cost complementarity relationship in Korea's banking industry). Finally, it has been observed that the Korea's banking industry is lacking in the characteristics of natural monopoly. Therefore, it may not be optimal to encourage the merger and acquisition in the banking industry only for the purpose of improving the efficiency.

• The Optical Journal
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• s.107
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• pp.30-36
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• 2007

산업연구원이 지난 12월 21일 발표한 '2007년 경제.산업 전망'을 통해 2007년 성장률을 4.5%로 예상했다. 이는 한국은행(4.4%), 삼성경제연구소(4.3%)가 제시한 전망치 중 가장 높은 수치이다. 산업연구원은 올해 민간소비 증가율이 3.7%로 완만한 회복세를 지속하는 가운데 설비투자 증가율도 전년과 비슷한 7.2%에 이를 것으로 예상했다. 반면 건설투자는 민간 부문의 부진으로 2.3% 증가에 그치고 수출 증가율도 10%선에 머물러 전년(14.6% 추정)보다 주춤할 것으로 내다봤다. 이와 함께 경기순환 주기가 짧아진 가운데 올해 경기가 1.4분기 중 저점을 통과한 뒤 상승세로 전환될 것으로 내다봤다. 이에 따라 성장률은 상반기 4.0%로 다소 부진하다가 하반기 5.0%로 회복되는 '상저하고'의 양상을 보일 것으로 내다봤다. 산업연구원은 그러나 세계 경기에 따라 1.4분기 저점이 3%대로 떨어질 가능성도 배재할 수 없다고 전망했다. 올해 주요 기간산업 가운데 반도체 분야는 마이크로소프트의 윈도비스타 출시 등의 영향을 받아 고성장을 이룰 것으로 내다봤다. 생산은 IT제조업이 성장을 주도하고 수출은 기계산업군이 주도 할 것으로 내다봤다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.35-63
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• 1991

Currently, Korea's banking industry holds a sizable amount of non-performing loans which stem from the government-led bailout of many troubled firms in the 1980s. Although this burden was somewhat relieved with the aid of banks' recapitalization in the booming securities market between 1986-88, the insolvent credits still resulted in low profitability in the banking sector and have been detrimental to the progress of financial liberalization and internationalization. This paper surveys the corporate bailout experiences of major advanced countries and Korea in the past and derives a rationale for readjustment measures against non-performing loans, in which rescue plans depend on the nature of the financial system. Considering the features of Korea's financial system and the banking sector's recent performance, it discusses possible means of liquidation in keeping with the rationale. The conflict of interests among parties involved in non-performing loans is widely known as one of the major constraints in writing off the loans. Specifically, in the case of Korea, the government's excessive intervention in allocating credits has preempted the legitimate role of the banking sector, which now only passively manages its past loans, and has implicitly confused private with public risk. This paper argues that to minimize the incidence of insolvent loan readjustment, the government's role should be reduced and that the correspondent banks should be more active in the liquidation process, through the market mechanism, reflecting their access to detailed information on the troubled firms. One solution is that banks, after classifying the insolvent loans by the lateness or possibility of repayment, would swap the relatively sound loans for preferred stock and gradually write off the bad ones by expanding the banks' retained earnings and revaluing the banks' assets. Specifically, the debt-equity swap can benefit both creditors and debtors in the sense that it raises the liquidity and profitability of bank assets and strengthens the debtor's financial structure by easing the debt service burden. Such a creditor-led or market-led solution improves the financial strength and autonomy of the banking sector, thereby fostering more efficient resource allocation and risk sharing.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.107-116
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• 2019

Korean construction engineering firms want to pave the way for expansion of overseas markets through the World Bank's Official Development Assistance (ODA) projects as a way to improve their overseas project performance. However, since the World Bank project competes with global companies for limited projects, building partnerships with suitable business partners is essential to gain an upper hand in bidding competition and meet the institutional conditions of the recipient country. In this regard, many network studies have been conducted in the past through Social Network Analysis (SNA), but few have been analyzed based on the process of changes in the network. So, This study collected winning data from the three Southeast Asian countries that ended after the World Bank's ODA project performed smoothly, and established a learning-based link prediction model that reflected the dynamic nature of the network. As a result, the 11 main variables acting on building a cooperative relationship between winning companies were derived and the effect of each variables on the probability value of cooperation between individual links was identified.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.71-99
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• 2010

The concept of CoVaR introduced by Adrian and Brunnermeier (2009) is a useful tool to measure the risk spillover effect. It can capture the risk contribution of each institution to overall systemic risk. While Adrian and Brunnermeier rely on the quantile regression method in the estimation of CoVaR, we propose a new estimation method using parametric distribution functions such as bivariate normal and $S_U$-normal distribution functions. Based on our estimates of CoVaR for Korean banking industry, we investigate the practical usefulness of CoVaR for a systemic risk measure, and compare the estimation performance of each model. Empirical results show that bank makes a positive contribution to system risk. We also find that quantile regression and normal distribution models tend to considerably underestimate the CoVaR (in absolute value) compared to $S_U$-normal distribution model, and this underestimation becomes serious when the crisis in a financial system is assumed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.69-69
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• 2022

2010년부터 2019년까지 지난 10년간 한국의 ODA 현황을 규모와 유형 측면에서 살펴보면, 양자 간 원조 중 유·무상원조 비중은 큰 변동 없이 OECD DAC 회원국의 평균을 밑돌고, 다자 간원조는 21~31% 수준을 유지하고 있다. 프로젝트 원조가 꾸준히 가장 큰 비중을 차지하며 사회 인프라 및 서비스 분야에서 가장 많은 사업이 추진되고 있다. 특히, 수자원과 위생 부문은 사회 인프라 및 서비스 분야에서 보건(33%)과 교육(25%)에 이어 가장 높은 비중(19%)을 차지하고 있다(10년 누계, 약정 기준). 2020년 7월, 현 정부는 '개발 협력을 통한 코로나19 회복력 강화 프로그램(Agenda for Building resilience against COVID-19 through development cooperation, 일명 ABC 프로그램)'을 발표하고, 개도국의 경제·사회 회복력 강화를 위하여 기존 ODA 사업에 ICT와 친환경 사업 요소를 접목한 디지털 및 그린뉴딜 ODA 사업을 적극 발굴, 추진하겠다고 밝혔다. 지난 10년간, 한국과 가장 많은 다자 간 원조를 추진한 지역개발은행(36%)과 세계은행그룹(35%)에서도 코로나19와 같은 위기극복하기 위한 뉴노멀로서 환경 사업의 비중을 높이고 있다. 예컨대, 아시아개발은행은 코로나19에 대응하기 위한 도시 차원의 단·중기 행동 계획으로 도시 상하수도 시설의 지속적인 원활한 운영과 필수적인 물, 위생, 보건(WaSH) 서비스 제공을 최우선적인 조치로 발표하였다. 이러한 배경에서 본 연구는 한국의 ODA 정책 방향을 검토하고 국제사회의 추진 동향을 분석하여 향후 한국이 특화하고 경쟁력을 가질 수 있는 환경 분야의 ODA 전략을 제시하고자 한다. 본 연구 결과는 ODA를 통해 해외 진출을 도모하는 민간기업과 국력 향상의 수단으로써 ODA를 적극적으로 활용하겠다는 기조를 지닌 새 정부의 ODA 전략 수립에 기여할 수 있을 것이다.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.51-62
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• 2004

Through the survey of related studies for last ten years, it was known that accurate sample data of sasang constitution are the most important condition in sceintific research of sasang constitutional medicine. So we can propose three step for scientific sasang constitution medicine: firstly, the construction of SCIM(Sasang Constitutional Information Bank); secondly, the development of instruments for constitution diagnosis; thirdly, the new diagnosis methods based on the organic definition of sasang constitution.