• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.21-32
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• 2007

The linear traffic model(Vertical queueing model) that is adopted widely in traffic flow estimation assumes that all vehicles have the identical motion before joining a queue at the stop-line. Thus, a queue is supposed to form vertically not horizontally. Due to the simplicity of this model, the departure time of the leading vehicle is assumed to coincide with the start of effective green time. Thus, the delay estimates given by the Vertical queueing model is not always realistic. This paper explores a microscopic traffic model(a Kinematic Car-following model at Signalised intersections: a KCS traffic model) based on the one dimensional Kinematic equations in physics. A comparative evaluation in delay and sensitivity of delay difference between the KCS traffic model and the previously known Vertical queueing model is presented. The results show that the delay estimate in the Vertical queueing model is always greater than or equal to the KCS traffic model; however, the sensitivity of delay in the KCS traffic model is greater than the Vertical queueing model.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.79-87
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• 2007

The interchanges of urban freeways have many problems with traffic operation due to high off-ramp flows and frequent congestion at adjacent intersections. The flow exiting from off-ramps is affected by the operational status and traffic volume conditions of the nearest signalized intersection. As a result, off-ramp flow cannot exit and the queue backs up the freeway mainline when queues from the signalized intersection form up to the junction of the off-ramp and street. The spacing between an off-ramp and an adjacent intersection is likely to determine the traffic conditions at the adjacent intersection. However, the current design guidelines do not consider such a factor. This study is to develop a model calculating the spacing between off-ramps and adjacent intersections considering the signal, traffic, and road conditions. The variables affecting the model in this study are effective green time (g/C), volume-capacity ratio (v/c), the number of lanes, and off-ramp volume. Various scenarios are designed to represent the effects of the variables and the road networks are constructed using VISSIM, which is a common traffic micro-simulation software package. The queue length is derived from VISSIM and this length is considered as the recommended spacing between the off-ramp and the adjacent intersection. Through the simulation analysis, regression models are developed to calculate the queue length reflecting the various conditions such as signals, traffic, and road configurations. The developed model can be used to create road design guidelines to determine the location of off-ramps in the planning stage.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.258-262
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• 2014

We aim to elucidate suitable mixed color of light during development of fruit body in Pleurotus ostreatus. The four mixed color of LED(Light Emitting Diode), blue and white, green and white, blue and green and green and red LED, were irradiated for formation of fruit-body. First, as effect of mixed color of LED, the properties of fruit body of P. ostreatus in blue and white LED irradiation were showed higher commercial yields than those in control(fluorescent lamp). And the ergothioneine was the highest at the blue and white LED. Second, we could obtain higher commercial yields than those at the $1{\mu}mol/m^2/s$ of light intensity by blue and white LED in P. ostreatus.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.129-150
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• 1998

신호교차로에서의 효율적인 교통운영을 위해서는 비보호좌회전의 활성화가 필요하며 이를 위해서는 비보호좌회전이 허용되는 신호교차로에서의 교통운영의 정확한 분석이 가능해야한다. 본연구에서는 국내신호교차로에서의 운전자의 행태에 기초하여 USHCM의 비보호 좌회전 분석에서 요구되는 $g_f$, $g_q$, $P_L$, 의 현실적인 값을 산정하기 위한 모형이 제안되었으며 이에 기초하여 비보호좌회전 보정계수 및 용량분석 기법을 제시하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 공용차로를 가진 비보호좌회전 신호교차로에서 주기당 좌회전교통량(LTC)이 5대까지의 범위에서 G(녹색신호시간)와 LTC를 변수로 한 $g_f$모형이 개발되었다. 둘째, $v_{olc}$와 $qr_o$를 변수로 한 $g_q$모형이 개발되었으며 제안된 모형에 의한 $g_q$값이 진주 및 광주에서의 현장관측치와 거의 일치함을 볼 수 있었다. 셋째, 1994 USHCM의 $P_L$모형이 LTC가 증가할수록 $P_L$값이 감소하는 비현실적인 모형의 구조를 가지므로 현실적인 모형의 구축을 위해 국내 현장자료에 기초하여 LTC를 변수로하여 $P_L$산정을 위한 단순화된 모형이 개발되었다. 넷째, 대향교통류를 통해 좌회전할 수 있는 유효녹색시간의 부분의 $g_u$를 산정하여 비보호좌회전 포화교통류율($S_{LT}$)에 주기 대 $g_u$의 비를 곱한 비보호좌회전 용량산정식이 제안되었다.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.3A
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• pp.309-316
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• 2010

This paper proposed a nonlocal anisotropic damage model to simulate the behavior of plain and reinforced concrete structures that are predominantly tensile and compressive load. This model based on continuum damage mechanics, used a symmetric second-order tensor as the damage variable. For quasi-brittle materials, such as concrete, the damage patterns were different in tension and in compression. These two damage states were modeled by damage evolution laws ensuring a damage tensor rate proportional to the total strain tensor in terms of principal components. To investigate the effectiveness of proposed model, the double edge notched specimen experimented by nooru-mohamed and reinforced concrete bending beam were analyzed using the implementation of the proposed model. As the results for the simulation, the nonlocal anisotropic damage model with an adequate control of rupture correctly represented the crack propagation for mixed mode fracture. In the structural failure of reinforced concrete bending beam, the proposed model can be showed up to a very high damage level and yielding of the reinforcements.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.283-287
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• 2008

To investigate the effects of different wavelengths of photosynthetically active radiation on the morphology and leaf color changes of a single tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seedling, we stored the seedling at $10{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$ under eight different wavelengths (peak wavelengths; 405, 450, 505, 545, 600, 645, 680, and 700 nm) with a constant photosynthetic photon flux of $3{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-l}$ for 28 d. Under the 405, 450, and 505 nm wavelength conditions, the leaves of the seedlings showed vigorous shape with an upright morphology. Rachis elongation was suppressed and hence compact appearance was observed under the 450 and 505 urn conditions. Although the difference in leaf color between before storage and on 28 days after storage was observed under all wavelength conditions, the 405 and 700 um irradiations changed the leaf color to light green. Application of light-emitting diode (LED) light irradiated from around 450 to 545 nm can contribute to vigorous shape with an upright morphology of tomato seedlings during low light irradiation-low temperature storage.

• Journal of Digital Policy
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.9-15
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• 2022

The World Economic Forum has included Water-Energy-Food among the three major risk groups in the world, and Water-Energy-Food is related to the development strategies of countries and the lives of their citizens. This study calculates the combined Water-Energy-Food use efficiency in China for 2011-2020 based on the SBM-Malmquist index. The results show that the overall combined Water-Energy-Food efficiency in China is low, but shows an upward trend. There is a clear variability in the combined Water-Energy-Food utilization efficiency in China, with an overall geographic distribution pattern of East > Middle > West. Only Beijing and Shanghai have reached the real above effective nationwide, and all other provinces have inefficiency between input and output. The Malmquist index of integrated Water-Energy-Food utilization efficiency is 1.136, with an up ward trend, and technical efficiency and technological progress lead the improvement of integrated Water-Energy-Food utilization efficiency in China at the sametime. The Water-Energy-Food issue should be raised to a strategic level as soon as possible, and policy support should be provided for its development. Each region should establish a cross-regional coordinating body to formulate targeted measures according to the province's food production and water distribution, so as to promote economic transformation from sloppy development to green development as soon as possible.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.175-178
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• 2010

A transmission type color filter based on a thin film Ag-$SiO_2$-Ag etalon was proposed and realized in a quartz substrate. The device could acquire infrared suppressed transmission and wide effective area compared to costly e-beam lithography and laser interference lithography. The FDTD method was introduced to take into account the effect of the dispersion characteristics of the silver metal and the thickness thereof. Three different color filters were devised: The cavity length for the red, green and blue filters were 160 nm, 130 nm, and 100 nm respectively, with the metal layer unchanged at 25 nm. The observed center wavelengths were measured at 650 nm, 555 nm, and 480 nm for the red, green, and blue devices; the corresponding bandwidths were about 120 nm, 100 nm, and 120 nm; and the peak transmission for all was ~60%. Finally the relative transmission was measured to decline with the angle of the incident beam with the rate of 1%/degree.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.57-63
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• 2011

This study was performed to figure out the recognition on forest certification by consumption propensity and socio-economic characteristics of wood cabinet consumers. The mean score of recognition on SFM and FSC showed comparatively low, 2.25 and 2.20(5-point likert scale), from the analysis result on 88 valid questionnaires of 90. The respondents rate of eco and non eco-friendly group formed 80.7% and 18.2%, there is a significant gap between two groups on total questionnaires. The percentage of respondents recognizing on SFM and FSC was about 31% (eco-friendly), 5.6%(non eco-friendly, SFM) and 2.8%(non eco-friendly, FSC) within each group. It showed that the socio-economic characteristics on eco-friendly respondents were higher than the others about more 1.3 times in the married rate, average age and monthly householding income.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.375-381
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• 2022

The DEA-BCC model. And the Malmquist index have been used, from static and dynamic perspectives, to measure the eco-efficiency of 30 cities and provinces in China from 2011 to 2020. The results shows that: the average static eco-efficiency of 30 cities and provinces in China is 0.643. Differences exists all over China. While Shanghai and Beijing are ecologically efficient, other 28 cities and provinces are faced with different extents of inefficiency. There are also differences among regions, which generally show the spatial distribution pattern with high efficiency in the eastern regions while low in the western regions. The Malmquist index of eco-efficiency in total 30 cities and provinces shows a healthy growth trend, and the technological progress. Acts as its main driving force. Therefore, eastern regions should enhance the. radiation capacity, strengthen the synergy among regions, give full play to. The advantages of each regions. It is sensible to improve the eco-efficiency by means of optimizing the industrial structure, enhancing the technological level and improving eco-efficiency of China and realizing green development.