• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.24 no.2 s.63
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• pp.61-64
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• 1985

This study was carried out to investigate the seasonal occurrence and developmental periods of Rice stem maggot (RSM), Chlorops oryzae Matsumura, at laboratory and in the fields in $1980{\sim}1982$. RSM occurred three generations a year. Peak of the first, second, and third generation was middle to late May, early July and middle September. Longevity of the first generation adult averaged 18.9 days and the oviposition was 50 eggs per fly. The eggs, larval and pupal period was 7, 25, 14 days respectively.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 1991

An in vitro immune effector mechanism against the target encysted metacercariae of Paragonimus westermani was demonstrated in the rat system. Peritoneal exudate cells, mainly macrophages from normal rats, showed adherence to and killing of encysted metacercariae of p. westermani in the presence of complement-independent serum from rats infected with Paragonimus metacercariae. These reactions were specific for the excysted metacercariae, as tissue-migrating juvenile worms were not affected. Damage of encysted metacercariae of p. westermani due to antibody and macrophages was assessed by morphological observation, by cell adherence reaction and by the use of vital dyes. frypan blue dye exclusion proved to be a reliable indicator of judging metacercarial viability. Electron microscopic studies demonstrated that macrophages reacted with fusty material on the tegumental surface and fine structures in the syncytium of the parasites. The tubular tunnels formed between the basement membrane and muscle layers of the damaged parasites were also noticeable. The relevance of these findings to cellular immunity in the early paragonimiasis was discussed.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.41-43
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• 2001

Persimmon fruit moth, Stathmopoda masinissa, collected from roadside persimmon trees planted as shade trees in yeongdong area was used to investigate their developmental ecology under laboratory conditions; $25\pm$ $1^{\circ}C$, 16L : 8D and 85% RH. Developmental periods for eggs, larvae, and pupae were 7.4, 34.8 and 15.5 days, respectively. The duration for each larval instar from the 1st to the 5th was 3.5, 4.2, 5.2, 6.5 and 15.4 days, respectively, and the head capsule width of corresponding stage was 0.20, 0.40, 0.65, 0.87 and 1.07 mm. Rates of pupation and emergence were 68.0 and 59.9%, respectively. Longevity of adult males was 6.2 days while that of females was 10.1 days. Average fecundity was 25.4 eggs.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.445-452
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• 2016

Exorista japonica is one of the major natural enemies of noctuid larvae, Mythimna separata and Spodoptera litura. The examined parasitoid was obtained from host species M. separata, collected at Gimje city and identified by DNA sequences (partial cytochrome oxidase I, 16S, 18S, and 28S). For purposed of this study, laboratory reared S. litura served as the host species for the development of the E. japonica. The developmental period of E. japonica immature stages were investigated at seven constant temperatures (16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, $34{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, RH 20~30%). Temperature-dependent developmental rates and development completion models were developed. E. japonica was successfully developed from egg to adult in $16{\sim}31^{\circ}C$ temperature regimes. Developmental duration was the shortest at $34^{\circ}C$ (8.3 days) and the longest at $16^{\circ}C$ (23.4 days) from egg to pupa development. Pupal development duration was the shortest at $28^{\circ}C$ (7.3 days). Total immature-stage development duration decreased with increasing temperature, and was the shortest at $31^{\circ}C$ (16.3 days) and the longest at $16^{\circ}C$ (45.4 days). The lower developmental threshold was $7.8^{\circ}C$ and thermal constant required to complete total immature-stage development was 370.4 degree days. Among four non-linear temperature-dependent developmental rate models, Briere 1 model had the highest adjusted R-squared (0.96). The distribution model of development completion for total immature stage development of E. japonica was well described by all model ($r^2_{adj}=0.90$) based on the standardized development duration. These results of study would be necessary not only to develop population dynamics model but also to understand fundamental biology of E. japonica.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.61 no.2
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• pp.377-385
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• 2022

Most pruning branches of mulberry, Korean raspberry (bokbunja), and blueberries are discarded without use. These discarded pruning branches were utilized as feed in the investigation of the development and oviposition characteristics of Protaetia brevitarsis with a focus on breeding possibilities. It was observed that the developmental period of P. brevitarsis larvae fed with berry fermented sawdust from mulberry, bokbunja, and blueberry was shortened to 157.3 130.3 days, and 140 days, respectively, compared to 169.3 days for those fed with oak fermented sawdust. The weight and survival rate of the larvae also increased. Under all three types of fermented sawdust feed, the percentage of larvae with weight ≧ 2.5 g during the group was over 60% between 6-8 weeks after hatching; however under oak fermented sawdust feed, it was within 10%, and the percentage only increased after 10 weeks. The average number of eggs laid per female was ≧ 80, with an average oviposition period of approximately 9 weeks; however, there was no significant difference owing to the large deviation per individual. Furthermore, mixed fermented sawdust from the three berries enhanced the growth rate of larvae, and there was no difference in the number of eggs laid compared to those fed with control oak fermented sawdust. Our study demonstrates berry fermentation sawdust is just as effective as oak fermentation sawdust in the breeding of P. brevitarsis.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.179-188
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• 1988

The life cycle of Fibricola seoulensis was studied in the laboratory and in the field, with special interests in the larval developments within the eggs and in the intermediate hosts. The first emergence of miracidia after incubation of eggs in 26C water began on the ninth day. The miracidia, elongate and cylindrical shape, had epidermal plates in the formula of 6, 9, 4 and 3, with two pairs of flame cells and lateral processes. A kind of fresh water snail, Hippeutis (H.) cantori, was found to shed furcocercous cercariae from the 13th day after experimental challenge with miracidia while Physa acute failed to shed. The same kind of snail collected from the field also shed the same cercariae. The cercariae were equipped with 2 pairs of penetration glands and 5 pairs of fame cells. The tadpoles of Rana nigromaculata were found susceptible to experimental infection with the cercariae. The same kind of tadpoles collected from various areas were also found naturally infected. The metacercariae in the tadpoles which were infected experimentally became infective to the definitive host in 21 days. The metacercariae were located free in the body cavity of tadpoles, and attained sexual maturity in rats in 7 days. The present study successfully followed the complete life cycle of F. seoulensis and found that it is possible to maintain the life cycle in the laboratory.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.147-152
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• 2015

The seasonal pattern of larvae, nymph and adult life stages for three tick species were studied for April-October, 2014. Haemaphysalis longicornis (610), Haemaphysalis flava (296) and Ixodes nipponensis (15) were collected from Pocheon by the dragging and flagging method. H.longicornis (254), H.flava (345) and I.nipponensis (15) were collected from Cheolwon in the same way. H.longicornis adults peaked in June while nymphs were more frequently collected from April through June. In contrast, H.longicornis larvae were collected only in September and October. H.flava adults were collected in April, September, and October while nymphs were collected from April through October. The nymphs peaked in April in Pocheon while May was the peak in Cheolwon. Larvae of H.longicornis and H.flava were collected only in September and October. I.nipponensis adults and nymphs were more frequently collected in April, while the larvae were not collected during that period. Collecting ticks by the dragging and flagging method provides estimates of population densities for life stages of the selected species and the associated disease risk. These results can be used to predict seasonal population densities of ticks and the prevalence of tick-borne pathogens.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 1997

Acrolepiopsis sapporensis Matsumura was reared on welsh onions in the laboratory in Taejon for observation on its bionomics; the adults were provided with 10% sugar solution. At controlled temperatures the stone leek minor female adult laid averages of about 103 at $15^{\circ}C$, 113 at $20^{\circ}C$ and 134 at $25^{\circ}C$. Adult lived for averages of about 10 days at $15^{\circ}C$, 8~9 days at $20^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ and 5 days at $30^{\circ}C$. The egg hatched in about 10~11 days at $15^{\circ}C$, 5~6 days at $20^{\circ}C$ and 5 days at $25^{\circ}C$. The larval stage lasted 25~26 days at $15^{\circ}C$, 11 days at $20^{\circ}C$ and 7~8 days at $25^{\circ}C$. The pupal stage lasted 13 days at $15^{\circ}C$, 9 days at $20^{\circ}C$ and 7~8 days at $25^{\circ}C$.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.435-440
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• 2014

The number of Bemisia tabaci adults attracted to horseweed, thistle, red bean, cucumber, and tomato plants, as measured by the number stuck to yellow sticky traps, was investigated in a polyvinyl greenhouse for growing tomatoes using organic methods. The number was highest on cucumber plants in the early days of B. tabaci infestation, but was highest on horseweed overall. Of the eight species of beans tested, B. tabaci adults were most attracted to Ultari-Gangnang; however, beans were not effective trap plants for B. tabaci. Measurement of olfactory behavioral response using a four-choice olfactometer showed that B. tabaci adults preferred horseweed to cucumber, eggplant, or tomato. The developmental period of B. tabaci eggs and larvae was shorter at high temperature. At $30^{\circ}C$, the developmental period of eggs and larvae on horseweed were reduced approximately 0.5 and 1 day, respectively, compared to those on cucumber or tomato.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.331-338
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• 2014

Cystatins (CSTs) are reversible and competitive inhibitors of C1A cysteine proteases, corresponding to papain-like cathepsins in plants and animals. A viral CST (CpBV-CST1) was identified from a polydnavirus, Cotesia plutellae bracovirus (CpBV). Our previous study indicated that a transient expression of CpBV-CST1 interfered with immune response and development of Plutella xylostella larvae. To directly demonstrate the protein function, this study produced a recombinant CpBV-CST1 protein (rCpBV-CST1) using bacterial expression system to determine its inhibitory activity against cysteine protease and to assess its physiological alteration in insect immune and development. The open reading frame of CpBV-CST1 encodes a polypeptide of 138 amino acids (${\approx}15kDa$). rCpBV-cystatin protein in BL21 STAR (DE3) competent cells containing a recombinant pGEX4T-3:CpBV-CST1 was over-expressed by 0.5 mM IPTG for 4 h. In biological activity assay, the purified rCpBV-CST1 showed a significant inhibition against papain activity. It inhibited a cellular immune response of hemocyte nodule formation in the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua. Moreover, its oral administration retarded larval development of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that CpBV-CST1 may be applied to control insect pest populations.