• Venture DIGEST
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• s.61
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• pp.22-23
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• 2004

독일, 영국에 이어 유럽 마지막 편으로 프랑스와 동유럽의 IT현황을 준비하였다. 프랑스는 세계4위의 경제강국으로 유럽국가 중 GDP규모 1위를 지키고 있고, 동유럽국가들은 EU진출을 계기로 새롭게 주목받고 있다. 이들 나라들의 정보통신 현황을 살펴보고 유럽진출의 방안을 다각도로 모색해보자.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.374-387
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• 2012

EU's future frontier remains indefinite but it is directly linked to the principle of entry into the EU. EU has been defining that the 'european nation' sharing with a EU's value and norms can enter into the EU. If so, what is the criteria of EU? The criterion of 'european nation' will be a theoretical basis of an estimation of the EU's future frontier. However, the future frontier based on the geography, the culture and the intension of nation is only the potential frontier. It will be changed by the political decision makers' negotiation and power. EU's enlargement policy is one of means to retention of the international power in the situation that a few nations gradually dominate the world. Therefore the EU's frontier will be continually changed and created by the EU's political adventure.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.182-196
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• 2007

EU has pursued of the economic growth and the promotion of jobs by a free movement of workers. The free labour mobility brings a sustainable economic development through the creating jobs and the acquisition of a new knowledge and technology, but it also produces the geographical unequality of the movement of workers. And the enlargement of the EU redistributes geographically the flow of labour mobility. The flow of labour movement within EU changes to the structure of mobility that moves from the North to the North instead of the movement from the South to the North as an economic development in the South and an economic transformation to the service and hightech industry in the North. The mobility of unskilled workers has diminished, but the mobility of expert workers has increased. The flow of labour movement within EU has a structure hierarchic that the experts labour move from the North to the North, and the unskilled labour move from the South to the North and from the northern Africa to the South of Europe.

• Proceedings of the KGS Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.25-28
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• 2002

지난 세기의 마지막 10년은 유럽의 정치 지형상에서 수 많은 변화가 일어났다. 독일의 통일과 소련 연방의 해체와 신생독립국가의 탄생, 이들의 독립국가연합 결성, 과거 소련의 위성국가로 간주되었던 동유럽국가들의 국경개방 및 체제전환, 남동부 유럽의 발산 반도에서 유고연방의 해체와 그 후속국가들의 탄생등등 이러한 정치적 변동들은 엄청난 사회 경제적 변화를 가져왔을 뿐만 아니라, 또한 공간구조에도 많은 변화를 가져왔다.(중략)

• 열병합발전
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• s.66
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• pp.7-11
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• 2008

본 원고에서는 유럽 주요 국가들의 열병합발전 지원 정책을 간단히 살피고, 현재 우리나라에서 큰 어려움을 겪고 있는 열병합발전 보급에 대한 상황 개선 방안에 참고할만한 것이 있는 알아보고자 한다.

• Electric Engineers Magazine
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• v.245 no.1
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• pp.26-29
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• 2003

유럽은 국가마다 KS와 같은 공업표준이 있다. 예를 들면 영국에는 BS, 프랑스에는 NF, 독일에는 DIN이 있다. 이들 국가가 유럽 경제의 3대 축이고, 그들의 표준은 오랜 역사를 갖고 있으며 또한 각국이 자기의 표준만을 적용할 것을 고집하면 유럽역내에서 자유로운 물류의 실현을 어렵다는 결론에 도달하였다.

• 한국사회정책
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.321-343
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• 2018

This paper aims to apply the convergence theory into the minimum income guarantee which forms the moral foundation of the welfare state. The research question of this paper is if the level of minimum income guarantee among EU member states (EU-15) gradually converging into a certain level. For this purpose, Chapter 2 describes the convergence and diversion of welfare states since the Second World War, and chapter 3 explains the historical development of the EU social policies since the Rome Treaty (1957). Chapter 4, which is the main body of this paper, analyzes if the level of minimum income guarantees of EU member states is converging by the coefficient of variation analysis and regression analysis. However, converging trend of the level of basic income guarantee among EU member states has not been proved. In other words, social policy arena still remains strongly in the realm of national sovereign states, irrespective of growing pressure from the supra-national governing body like the EU. It is in line with the Abram de Swaan's argument that "welfare states is nation states" (1994: 110).

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.53
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• pp.311-336
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• 2003

This paper purports to explain the conflicts and compromises between supra-national authority and national welfare state in an era of globalization. For this purpose this paper, first of all, examines if Community law(EU) is directly applicable to member states(direct applicability), and subsequently, if Community law is superior to national law(supremacy). It duly claims that Community law is de facto applicable to member states and thus is superior to national law, but de jure the direct applicability and supremacy of Community law are still ambiguous in practice. Secondly, it briefly describes the development of EU social policy from 'The Rome Treaty(1957)' to 'The Amsterdam Treaty(1997)', and ascertains clear limitations of social dimension of EU. Thirdly, it explains why CEU(Commission of European Union) sequently fails to achieve uniform harmonization policy in the making of social Europe. This paper concludes that 'downward harmonization thesis' or 'convergence thesis' which commonly stresses that globalization seriously impinges on nation-state's policy autonomy and policy capacity is not evidenced at least in the case of EU social policy.

• 환경사랑
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• s.38
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• pp.6-8
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• 2004

EPS 총사용량은 중국이 단연 1위이며, 유럽, 미국, 일본, 한국이 그 뒤를 잇고 있다. 단열재 소비는 중국, 유럽, 미국에 이어 한국이 뒤를 잇고 있다. 수산물상자 등 식품포장재의 소비는 유럽, 미국, 일본, 중국 등의 순이다. 가전완충재인 경우 전자제품 제조공장이 인건비가 저렴한 국가로의 이전 등으로 서유럽, 일본, 한국 등의 소비가 감소하고 있고 그 대신 중국, 동부유럽, 동남아시아, 남미 국가들의 소비량이 증가하고 있다. EPS 포장재 다소비 국가 중 재활용실적이 양호한 국가는 독일 $77\%$(에너지 회수포함), 일본 $64\%$(에너지 회수 포함), 한국 $59\%$, 프랑스 $45\%$ 순이었다. 재활용방법은 일본을 제외한 아시아지역은 재생 원료 생산 위주이나, 유럽지역에서는 원료로의 재활용 외에 원원료 회수, 에너지 회수 등 다양한 재활용방법을 이용하고 있다.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.71-95
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• 2005

Interoperability and collaborations have become essential factors for developing a digital library. TEL, the European Library, is a new Pan-European service which gives access to the combined resources of the national libraries in Europe, and also TEL is the name of a project to implement TEL service. The vision of TEL stems from the characteristics that the national libraries offer, which is the comprehensiveness of collection, the national libraries' holdings of outstanding historical and special collection, reliability of information and high quality. Moreover, the national libraries are in a unique position to invest in creating added value to the digitized documents and to show the cultural diversity between EU members. From the viewpoint of digital library techniques, TEL explored some advanced methodologies to guarantee the interoperability between heterogenious collections and libraries. In this study, we examine the development of TEL including publisher relations, metadata developments, and retrieval features.