• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.1067-1074
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• 2001

Four different composition of autoxidation drying type waterborne coatings (WBC-1, WBC-2, WBC-3, WBC-4) were prepared by the compounding of bentonite (BEN) as a water swellable clay and organometallic soaps as a drier with acrylic binder and coating additives. The solution viscosity, solid content, rheological properties and drying rate of WBCs were investigated. Also the thermal stability, the transmittance and the water-resistance of the films casted by WBCs were measured, and the surface topology of WBC films were investigated by the scanning probe microscopy. As WBC-2, WBC-3 and WBC-4 containing BEN showed the thixotropy with the shear rate, the storage stability of WBC was a excellent. When the driers was mixed in the ratio of Mn/Zn/Ba=1/2/3, the dry ability of WBCs showed maximum as 5.0 sec at 60$\^{C}$. The initial decomposition temperature and the transmittance of WBC films containing BEN increased in range of 32.2∼54.7$\^{C}$ and 5.1∼8.6% than the commercial WBC (MC-21W), respectively. The water resistance of WBC films increased in order of MC-21W

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.781-788
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• 2013

Predicting the engine component temperature is a basic step to conduct structural safety evaluation in medium-speed diesel engine design. Recent trends such as increasing power density and performance necessitate more effective thermal management of the engine for achieving the desired durability and reliability. In addition, the local temperatures of several engine components must be maintained in the proper range to avoid problems such as low- or high-temperature corrosion. Therefore, it is very important to predict the temperature distribution of each engine part accurately in the design stage. In this study, the temperature of an engine component is calculated by using steady-state conjugate heat transfer analysis. A proper approach to determine the thermal load distribution on the thermal boundary area is suggested by using 1D engine system analysis, 3D transient CFD results, and previous experimental data from another developed engine model. A Hyundai HiMSEN engine having 250-mm bore size was chosen to validate the analysis procedure. The predicted results showed a reasonable agreement with experimental results.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.410-418
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• 2017

The stability of low-crested structure (LCS) and overtopping discharge over a seawall behind the LCS are influenced by the water level behind the structure. Hence, the experimental results can be distorted unless the increase of water level is known when two-dimensional experiment is carried out. In order to estimate increase of the mean water level behind the low-crested structure, this study applied a hybrid technique that combined results of two-dimensional model test and hydrodynamic numerical modeling based on the relationship between the water level and discharge. By using this technique, the mean water level increase and flow field can be obtained almost at the same time, which resolved the above problem considerably. In addition, this method can provide an approximate information about the outflow velocity from the openings of the structure, which is helpful for selecting appropriate planar configuration of the low-crested structure.

• Journal of the KSME
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.504-514
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• 1987

복잡한 전자부품의 조립시에 필요한 열적 디자인에 관한 정보는 오래전부터 실험을 통하여 얻어지고 있다. 실험적 데이터를 이용하여 무차원 파라미터로 표시된 실험결과는 꼭 같지는 않지만 현상적으로는 비슷한 상황에 응용될 수 있다. 여기서는 학술문헌에 나타나 있는 자연대류에 관한 실험적인 상관관계식들과 프레임에 수직으로 꽂혀있는 균일가열 전자회로기판의 모델에서 얻어진 무차원 자료들을 비교하고자 한다. 대부분의 자료들은 수정채널 Rayleigh수(Ra")가 15~100범위에 속하며, 이러한 범위는 부품이 조밀하게 배치된 기관이 서로 좁은 채널을 이루고 있으며, 동시에 상당한 전력을 소비하고 있는 경우에 해당한다. Wirt와 Stutzman, Bar-Cohen과 Rohsenow의 일반상관관계식은 AT'||'&'||'T Bell 연구소에서 개발된 전자기기를 이용하여 수집한 실험데이터를 잘 표현하고 있으며 10 < Ra" <1,000범위에서 추천될 수 있다. 두개의 유사한 상관관계식과 비교할 때 상당히 좋은 예측을 보였으며 또한 Sparrow와 Gregg의 연구결과와도 잘 일치하므로 Ra" < 10인 경우에 Aung의 완전발달층류의 채널유동방식, Ra" > 1,000인 경우에는 Aung등의 단일 수직평판 근사식이 추천될 수 있다. Coyne의 알고리즘에 의한 계산치는 10

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.50-56
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• 2013

The radiation effects on the auto-ignition and extinction characteristics of a non-premixed fuel-air counterflow field were numerically investigated. A detailed reaction mechanism of GRI-v3.0 was used for the calculation of chemical reactions and the optically-thin radiation model was adopted in the simulations. The flame-controlling continuation method was also used in the simulation to predict the auto-ignition point and extinction limits precisely. As a result, it was found that the maximum H radical concentration, $(Y_H)_{max}$, rather than the maximum temperature was suitable to understand the ignition and extinction behaviors. S-, C- and O-curves, which were well known from the previous theory, were identified by investigating the $(Y_H)_{max}$. The radiative heat loss fraction ($f_r$) and spatially-integrated heat release rate (IHRR) were introduced to grasp each extinction mechanism. It was also found that the $f_r$ was the highest at the radiative extinction limit. At the flame stretch extinction limit, the flame was extinguished due to the conductive heat loss which attributed to the high strain rate although the heat release rate was the highest. The radiation affected on the radiative extinction limit and auto-ignition point considerably, however the effect on the flame stretch extinction limit was negligible. A stable flame regime defined by the region between each extinction limit became wide with increasing the fuel temperature.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 2003.07a
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• pp.213-219
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 새로운 개념의 건조방법을 연구하여 곡물건조의 변화를 도모하고자 원적외선ㆍ열풍 복합열을 이용한 곡물건조기를 개발하게 되었다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 가. 방사체길이가 1,680mm일 때 보다 1,470mm일 때가 방사체 표면온도가 높게 나타났고, 안정적인 것으로 나타났다. 열풍온도를 5$0^{\circ}C$로 설정했을 때 방사체의 표면온도분포는 280-29$0^{\circ}C$을 유지하였고, 6$0^{\circ}C$일 때는 30$0^{\circ}C$ 부근에서 유지되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 두 조건 모두에서 온도편차는 크게 나타나지 않았으므로 균일 건조가 이루어지는 것을 의미하며, 곡물의 품질저하에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 판단된다. 나. 열풍온도 5$0^{\circ}C$, 조사거리 125mm, 방사체 길이 1,470mm에서 방사체 길이방향으로 위치에 따라서 온도편차를 측정했을 때 버너를 기점으로 해서 근거리에서부터 원거리까지 균등 분할하여 5점의 온도를 측정하여 그 변화곡선을 분석한 결과 위치 3에서 온도가 높았고, 계속해서 위치 4, 5, 2, 1순으로 나타났다. 버너의 근거리에서보다 원거리에서 온도가 높게 나타난 것은 원적외선방사체를 통과하는 열풍이 빠져나가도록 되어있는 열풍유동관이 버너 원거리에 위치하고 있어 버너에 불꽃이 점화되면서 열풍이 방사체 끝쪽으로 유동되기 때문이다. 다. 건조실 수직면 길이방향의 온도는 열풍공기가 열풍실에서 유입되는 하단부이 온도가 높게 나타났고, 버너쪽과 송풍기쪽의 온도차는 나타나지 않아 온도분포의 좌우 대칭이 잘 되어 균일 건조가 되는 것으로 판단된다 이러한 현상은 건조실의 수평면에 대해서도 같은 현상이 나타났다. 라. 바닥면에서 상부로 올라갈수록 낮은 온도분포를 나타내고 있는 것은 상부에는 외부공기가 유입되면서 온도가 떨어지는 반면 하부에는 외부공기 유입이 적기 때문으로 사료된다. 또한 열풍실의 길이방향 위치별 온도 분포에서도 같은 현상으로 나타났고, 버너쪽과 송풍기쪽의 온도편차는 나타나지 않아 균일 건조를 기대할 수 있다. 마. 열풍온도를 45$^{\circ}C$로 설정하고 조사거리와 방사체 길이를 각각 119, 1,470mm로 하여 벼의 건조성능시험을 열풍건조기(대비구)와 비교시험 결과 시험구에서 건감률, 건조소요에너지가 각각 0.58%(w.b.), 470kcal/kg - water로 대비구보다 각각 건감율은 23% 높았고, 건조소요에너지는 2%의 절감되었다. 바. 건조기에서 발생되는 소음은 버너쪽 근처에서는 대비구 94.12㏈의 87%에 불과하였으나, 거리가 멀어질수록 차이는 크지 않았다. 이것은 버너에서 멀어질수록 외부적인 요인이 소음에 영향을 미쳤기 때문인 것으로 생각된다. 사. 시작기와 대비구간의 경제성에서 시작기의 구입가격이 20% 비싸기 때문에 시간당 고정비가 높았으나, 건조성능이 우수하여 건조비용이 69,350원/톤으로 대비구보다 14% 절감되는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.277-285
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate experimentally the variation factors range having influence on the rheological properties of the combined self-compacting concrete according to materials quality, weighting error and site conditions. Two types cement (blast-furnace slag cement and belite cement), lime stone powder as binder and the optimum mix proportions in the preceded study are selected for this study. Also, variations for sensitivity test are as followings; (1) Concrete temperature 3 cases (2) Surface moisture of sand 5cases (3) Fineness modulus of sand 5cases (4) Specific surface of lime stone powder 3cases (5) Dosage of chemical admixture 5cases. Slump flow ($650{\pm}50mm$), 500 mm reaching time (($7{\pm}3sec$), V-type flowing time ($15{\pm}5sec$) and U-box height (min. 300 mm) are tested for sensitivity. As test results, the variations range for quality control are as followings. (1) Concrete temperature; $10{\sim}20^{\circ}C$(below $30^{\circ}C$) (2) Surface moisture of sand; $base{\pm}0.6%$ (3) Fineness modulus of sand; $2.6{\pm}0.2$ (4) Dosage of chemical admixture; $base{\pm}0.2%$ (5) Specific surface of lime stone powder $6000cm^2/g$. Compared with two types cement including based belite cement (binary type) and based slag cement (ternary type), the combined self-compacting concrete used belite cement type is most stable in the quality control because of high contents for lime stone powder and $C_2S$. It is to propose a control scheme of the combined self-compacting concrete in the actual construction work.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.89-102
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• 1996

An integrated model is presented to describe underground flow and mass transport, using a multicomponent multiphase approach. The comprehensive governing equation is derived considering mass and force balances of chemical species over four phases(water, oil, air, and soil) in a schematic elementary volume. Compact and systemati notations of relevant variables and equations are introduced to facilitate the inclusion of complex migration and transformation processes, and variable spatial dimensions. The resulting nonlinear system is solved by a multidimensional finite element code. The developed code with dynamic array allocation, is sufficiently flexible to work across a wide spectrum of computers, including an IBM ES 9000/900 vector facility, SP2 cluster machine, Unix workstations and PCs, for one-, two and three-dimensional problems. To reduce the computation time and storage requirements, the system equations are decoupled and solved using a banded global matrix solver, with the vector and parallel processing on the IBM 9000. To avoide the numerical oscillations of the nonlinear problems in the case of convective dominant transport, the techniques of upstream weighting, mass lumping, and elementary-wise parameter evaluation are applied. The instability and convergence criteria of the nonlinear problems are studied for the one-dimensional analogue of FEM and FDM. Modeling capacity is presented in the simulation of three dimensional composite multiphase TCE migration. Comprehesive simulation feature of the code is presented in a companion paper of this issue for the specific groundwater or flow and contamination problems.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.133-141
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• 2007

The excavation damaged zone (EDZ) is an area around an excavation where in situ rock mass properties, stress condition, displacement, groundwater flow conditions have been altered due to the processes induced by the excavation. Various studies have been carried out on EDZ, but most studies have focused on the mechanical bahavior of EDZ by in situ experiment. Even though the EDZ could potentially form a high permeable pathway of groundwater flow, only a few studies were performed on the analysis of groundwater flow in EDZ. In this study, the 'hydraulic EDZ' was defined as the rock zone adjacent to the excavation where the hydraulic aperture has been changed due to the excavation by using H-M coupling analysis. Fundamental principles of distinct element method (DEM) were used in the analysis. In the same groundwater level, the behavior of hydraulic aperture near the cavern was analyzed for different stress ratios, initial apertures, fracture angles and fracture spacings by using a two-dimensional DEM program. We evaluate the excavation induced hydraulic aperture change. Using the results of the study, hydraulic EDZ was defined as an elliptical shape model perpendicular to the joint.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.126-132
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• 2016

This study numerically investigates the characteristics of chemical reactions and thermal deformation in a steam reformer. These phenomena are significantly affected by the high-temperature burner gas and the process gas conditions. Because the high temperature of the burner gas ranges from 800 to 1000 K, the reformer tubes undergo substantial thermal deformation, eventually resulting in structural failure. Thus, it is necessary to understand the characteristics of the reaction and thermal deformation under the operating conditions to evaluate the reformer tubes for sustainable, stable operation. Extensive numerical simulations were carried out using commercial CFD code (ANSYS FLUENT/MECHANICA Ver. 13.0) while considering three-dimensional turbulent flows and combined heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation. Structural analysis considering conjugated heat transfer between solid tubes and fluid flows was conducted using the Fluid-Solid Interaction (FSI) method. The results show that when the injection temperature of the process gas and burner gas decreased, the hydrogen production rate decreased significantly, and thermal deformation decreased by at least 15 to 20%.