• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.97-103
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• 2011

In this research, a small-scaled laboratory test and FEM analysis have been carried out to evaluate the feasibility of field construction with couple of recycled materials, such as in-situ soil, water-treatment sludge, and crumb rubbers. A static loading, which simulates the real traffic load, was adopted in lab test. The test was carried out, according to simulated field construction stages, such as excavation, bedding materials and pipe installation, placing and curing of controlled low strength materials, and simulated traffic loading. Couple of measuring instruments were adopted. The maximum vertical and horizontal deformations were 0.83% and 1.09%, during placing the CLSM. The measured vertical and horizontal deformations with curing time were 0.603mm and 0.676mm, respectively. The reduction effect of vertical and lateral earth pressure was relatively big. Also, FEM analysis was carried out to get the deformation, earth pressure and strain of PVC with different Controlled Low Strength Materials(CLSM) materials.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.27-33
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• 2011

In the case of the existing method of underground pipe construction, the difficulty of the bedding compaction of pipe causes reducing the compaction efficiency and the stability of the underground facilities and conclusively damaging the structures. One of the methods to solve these problem is using the flowable fills as a backfill material. Therefore, in this study, numerical analysis of the underground pipe was performed in order to evaluate the behavior of pipe according to backfill mixtures. To estimate the deformation characteristic of the underground pipe, the displacement of the main part of the pipe, ground settlement and vertical earth pressures were measured in different backfill mixtures and maintaining the other conditions constantly. As a result of numerical analysis, using the flowable fills as the backfill material is better than using sand in reducing the ground settlement, the pipe deformation and the vertical earth pressure aspect.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.84-93
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• 2010

Compaction of backfill material of Underground power lines is difficult, especially under pipeline. so it could cause structural problem because of low compaction efficiency. So various methods have been taken to solve the problem and one of them is CLSM(Controled low-strength material accelerated flow ability). But In other countries, these are already in progress for a long time to research and development and recently on practical steps. But, in our country, study for only general structures, not for underground power line structure that is being constructed at night rapidly. In this study, we performed property tests and indoor & outdoor test (3 cases). The tests showed flow ability reached at the limit construction(160 mm) flowability by 9 to 15 minute after starting to mix, and construction buoyant is lowering after placing CLSM by 70 % of theoretical buoyant that is calculated by unit weight of material. In this paper, we performed indoor tests and outdoor tests to estimate mechanical properties and to suggest construction method(using batch plant, setting spacer at 1.8 m and placing at 2m) for CLSM that using surplus soil. And the test showed good results for construction quality, workability and structure safety.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.197-197
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• 2011

최근 들어 전력 사용량의 증가로 인한 화력발전소의 부산물인 석탄회 중 바텀애시와 각종 공공사업과 관련하여 해마다 현장발생토의 발생량이 지속적으로 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 바텀애시와 현장발생토사를 효과적으로 재활용하는 방법 중 유동성 뒤채움재를 개발하여 활용하는 방안을 모색하기 위한 연구이다. SP로 분류된 흙 현장발생토와 서천 화력발전소에서 발생하는 석탄회 중 입경이 0.9~1.5mm의 바텀애시만을 선별하여 현장발생토와 바텀애시의 비율을 7 : 3으로 변환한 최적배합을 선정하여 강재로 제작된 가로 80cm, 세로 60cm, 높이 90cm의 모형토조를 이용하여 실험을 진행하였으며, 사용상 지하 매설이 되는 관의 거동 특성은 확인하기 위하여 내경 30cm, 두께 8mm의 연선관 중 하나인 PVC관을 원형지하매설관으로 선정하여 배합을 타설하는 과정과 타설 후 7일간의 양생기간을 거친 후 차량하중으로 가정할 수 있는 하중을 가하여 원형지하매설관의 관외부에서 수직방향과 수평방향의 토압과 관내부의 수직 수평방향 변위 그리고 관 자체의 횡 종단 변형을 측정하여 원형지하매설관의 거동특성을 파악하였다. 타설시 지하매설관은 유동성 뒤채움재의 특성으로 인하여 시간이 지남에 따라 안정화되는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 최대하중을 3300kgf로 하여 하중 재하 후 지하매설관의 거동특성은 대체적으로 일반 모래를 사용하여 실험한 값보다 적은 변형 특성을 보이고 있으나 수평토압의 경우 일반적인 흙의 변형과 전혀 상이한 결과값을 보이는 경우도 있어 추가적인 실험 및 고찰의 필요하다. 본 실험에서 사용한 최적배합비 이외의 배합으로 같은 실험을 수행하여 바텀애시 량의 가감 및 재활용 재료인 폐타이어 고무칩등을 첨가한 실험을 계획하고 있으며 추후 실내시험과 모형실험을 토대로 유한요소해석을 추가로 시행하여 실험값과 해석값의 비교를 할 예정이다.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.15-24
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• 2010

In the case of underground power utilities pipe such as circular pipe, the most difficult problem is low compaction efficiency of the bottom of pipe inducing the failure of utilities. To overcome this problem, various studies have been performed and one of these is CLSM(Controlled Low Strength Materials) accelerated flow ability. But underground power utilities pipe backfill materials is also needed to have good thermal property that can dissipate the heat as rapidly as it is generated. So, in this study, we performed thermal resistancy test for various materials such as sand, weathered soil, clay and mixed soil to analyze the thermal characteristics of CLSM(Controlled Low Strength Materials) with accelerated flow ability for various conditions(water content, unit weight, void ratio, curing time) and to evaluate the applicability for backfill material of underground power utilities pipe. The test results of 16 specimens for thermal resistancy test showed good thermal property that maintained below $85^{\circ}C\;cm/W$.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.13-20
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• 2015

Inappropriate backfill material and poor compaction cause the damage to sewer and ground settlement. To deal with such problem, flowable backfill material has attracted attention recently. A basic study was conducted in a bid to obtain optimum mixing ratio of backfill material with the characteristics of rapid hardening, pseudo-plasticity, flowability and anti washout ability and enhance the cost efficiency of backfill material. Through the test of optimal mixing ratio of rapid hardening, evaluation of optimal mixing ratio of backfill material was conducted. As a result, required performance as well as cost efficiency could be achieved by adjusting plasticizer even in case of increasing W/M of the paste of rapid hardening to 100%.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.48-59
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• 2007

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.17-30
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• 2000

The objective of this study is to evaluate the lateral earth pressure and the stability of small scale retaining wall with waste foundry sand(WFS) mixtures as a controlled low strength materials (CLSM). Three different types of WFS, like Green WFS, Hurane WFS and Coated WFS, were used in this study, and fly ash of Class F type was adopted. To evaluate the lateral earth pressure and the stability of retaining wall, two different samll scale retaining wall tests, which are called an artificially controlled strain method and a natural strain method, were carried out. In case of an artificially controlled strain method, the coefficient of lateral earth pressure, just after backfilling of WF mixtures, was around 0.8 to 1.0, and most of earth pressure was dissipated within 12 hours. In case of a natural strain method, two steps of stage constructions were employed. The mixtures of Hurane WFS and Coated WFS showed fast decrease of earth pressure due to a relatively good drainage. Judging from the sta bility of retaining wall for overturning and sliding, two steps of stage construction for 2 days were enough to finish the backfill of 6-m height of retaining wall. Also, considering the curling effect of WFS mixtures, the stability of retaining wall increased as curling time increased.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.4 no.2 s.12
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• pp.19-31
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• 2002

The recycling of waste foundry sand(WFS) and fly ash as by-products of industry is one of the urgent problem to deal with. For the recycling of these materials, CLSM(controlled low strength materials) concept was adopted. This research has been done for last three years. In this research, couple of selected waste foundry sand and fly ash were used as fine aggregate. Also, WFS modified by Proper chemical liquid was used for the comparison. The main focus is to evaluate the silo earth pressure and the reduction effect due to the use of CLSM instead of normal fine aggregate. Silo effect, which occurs at short distance between retaining wall and backfill, was not detected because the characterization of CLSM is highly different from that of normal aggregate. Therefore, the theory for earth pressure, like Rankine theory or Coulomb theory, should be carefully used for CLSM. The reduction of earth pressure for modified WFS is higher than the others. But, the final earth pressure is converged at very small value, even though the reduction effect depends on the curing time.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.606-612
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• 2019

The main causes of subsidence and sinkholes in the lower part of urban roads are sewage line foundation and inadequate compaction of backfill material. This leads to many problems, such as the breakage of joints in sewer pipes, poor connection, pipe breakage, and cracks. To solve this problem, the support factor related to the sewer foundation and the safety factor according to the excavation depth were evaluated. For the foundation of rigidity tolerance, crushed stone foundation, and abandoned concrete foundation, a recently newly developed site assembly-type lightweight plastic foundation were used. Backfill materials were applied on site (sandy soil and clayey soil) and fluid backfill was recycled onsite. To evaluate the depth of excavation and the safety factor of each sewer pipe foundation, the design load considering the load factor and the support factor was evaluated. The support coefficients were 0.377 for a crushed stone foundation, 0.243 and 0.220 for an abandoned concrete foundation ($180^{\circ}$ and $120^{\circ}$), and 0.231 for a lightweight plastic foundation and fluid backfill. Overall, the safety factor was low when using the crushed stone foundation, and the safety rate was the highest when the foreclosed concrete foundation ($180^{\circ}$) was used. In addition, when the combination of lightweight plastic and fluid backfill materials was used, the safety factor was higher than that of abandoned concrete foundation ($120^{\circ}$), which means that the newly developed lightweight plastic foundation can be used as another alternative base of a steel pipe.