• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.247-253
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• 1997

Development of soybean cultivars with great nodulation and high nitrogen fixation activity, derived mostly from mutagenesis, may decrease inputs of chemical fertilizer nitrogen into the soil-plant system. Soybean seeds (cv. Jangyupkong, Hwanggeumkong, and Geomjungkong 1) were treated with three different levels of EMS (ethyl methanesulfonate) concentration(30, 50, and 70mM). Increasing the doses of EMS resulted in decreased field emergence rate of seeds, whereas it did not increase M$_2$ mutation frequencies. This indicated that the most efficient concentration of EMS was 30mM for generating mutants. Extensive mutagenesis of Sinpaldalkong 2 with 30mM EMS was undertaken to isolate soybean mutants with greater nodulation. Approximately 8, 200 M$_2$ families were screened for greater nodulation on 5 mM nitrate after inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain YCK213-KFCC-10728. Mutant SS-2 nodulated more than the wild type. Comparison of supernodulation between SS-2 and two nts mutants(nts 1007 and nts 1116) revealed that SS-2 showed the supernodulation character at an earlier growth stage than the two nts mutants. Further studies should be needed to characterize the difference in timing of nodulation between SS-2 and nts mutants.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.345-355
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• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate rice seed disinfection efficacy of loess-sulfur for the suppression of Bakanae disease caused by Fusarium fujikuroi. Rice seeds were treated at different concentrations of loess-sulfur, soaking time and temperature, and combination of hot-water treatment. Rice cultivar, Shindongjin harvested from Bakanae disease-infested area in 2015, was used. Loess-sulfur was treated as follows; concentration of undiluted solution, 2%, 1% and 0.5%; soaking time of 24 and 48 hours; treatment temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$; hot water treatment or not. Optimal conditions of rice seed disinfection were selected soaking time of 48 hours and the suspension of 0.5% and 1% loess-sulfur by investigating seed germination and isolation frequency of Fusarium spp. on Komada agar medium in vitro, and were established 3 disinfection conditions as hot water ($60^{\circ}C$, 10 min.) + 1% loess-sulfur ($20^{\circ}C$, 48 hours), 1% loess-sulfur only ($30^{\circ}C$, 48 hours) and 1% loess-sulfur only ($20^{\circ}C$, 48 hours) through additional test in greenhouse. Above 3 conditions were verified by rice seedling box and paddy field test in the way of investigating Bakanae diseased plants (%) and healthy plants (%). Consequently, most effective rice seed disinfection conditions on Bakanae disease were combination of hot water and 1% loess-sulfur and loess-sulfur only at $30^{\circ}C$. Furthermore, treatments with these conditions showed control value of 100% were maintained from seedling to the heading stage in the field. However, treatment of 1% loess-sulfur only at $20^{\circ}C$ showed low control value of 78.2% in paddy field. Hot water only treatment turned out to be an effective disinfection method when conducted thoroughly with $60^{\circ}C$, 10 min. However, it was thought additional soaking process with loess-sulfur after hot water treatment served more high control effect against Bakanae disease when rice seeds were disinfected on a large scale. This results expected rice seed disinfection with loess-sulfur were effectively and easily usable method if farmers had only one of either hot water-disinfector or seed-disinfector. In addition, loess-sulfur is well-known to farmers, simple to manufacture method and cheap.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.594-598
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the tissue-specific expression of ${\beta}$-glucuronidase (gus) gene driven by endosperm-specific promoter (Z4 promoter) in the transgenic tobacco and to find out inheritance pattern of transgene to the next generation. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum cv. Havana SR1) was transformed with Agrobacterium tumerfaciens LBA4404 harboring BV3 construct containing gus gene driven by Z4 promoter and a kanamycin resistant gene. Seven hundred bp PCR products, indicating the presence of npt II gene, were found in the all eight transformants by PCR analysis using nptII primers. To study the expression pattern of the two different kind of promoters, leaf disks of the Z4pro-gus-transformed plants and 35Spro-gus-transformed plants were analyzed histochemically for gus activity. As a result, leaf disks of Z4pro-gus-transformed plants showed very weak and partial positive gus activity. In contrast, leaf disks of 35Spro-gus-transformed plants showed relatively strong positive gus activity. To investigate the expressed position of Z4 promoter, seeds from Z4pro-gus-transformed plants and 35Spro-gus-transformed plants were analyzed histochemically for gus activity. Z4pro-gus-transformed seeds showed positive gus activity restricted to the endosperm. However, the blue-colored product in 35Spro-gus-transformed seeds was observed in all the area including endosperm. Kanamycin resistance assay showed that transgenes were stably inherited to next generation in all lines.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.17
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• pp.135-142
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• 1974

A study on the metabolism of the chemical companents of endosperm and enbryonic othans of ginseng seeds during their germination were inverstigated and the results of the changes in the contents of nitrogen conponds, carbohydrates, lipids and phosphorus conpounds are summarized as follow; 1. When a seeding grows to 5cm the fresh weight of the embryonic organ incerases 13 times compared with that of its ripened embryo veore germination and its dry weight increases 4.5 times. On the other hand, about 65% of the dry weight of the endosperm is lost. 2. During germinarion the total nitrogen content of a sedding (endosperm+embryonic organ) decreases and when the seeding grows to 5cm there is a loss of 10% of total nitrogen content. At this time, soluble nitrogen content amounts to 40~50% of the total nitrogen, a comparatively high content. 3. When theseeding grows to 5cm, the total phosphorus content decreases by 15%. During the germination period 70~75% of the total phosphorus is distributed in the embryonic orang and 25% of it is in endosperm.In the embryonic organ 35~50% of the acid soluble phosphorus is inorganic phosphorus and in the endisperm, 20~25% of the acid soluble phosphorus is inorganic phosphorus,75~80% of the organic phosphorus is contained in the endosperm. 4.One the seedling grew to 2~3cm, carbohydrates such as soluble sugars,reducong sugars,nonreducong sugars, and crude starch interconverted remarkably. 5.After stratification (just before germination) the lipid content of the endosperm is about 54% of the total weight and lipid content of the embryo is about 61%. During germination 6.81mg of the fat contained in the endosperm per seed decreases to 4.13mg while the change of fat content in the embryonic organ is not so great.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.301-308
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• 1996

In this study, a propagation characteristics of green kyllinga(Kyllinga brevifolia var. leiolepsis H.) was investigated. Two to three rhizomes(1st rhizome) arised from the basal part of main shoot at 4th leaf stage and were grown to extend on the soil surface. Then new shoots(lst tillers) emerged from every node of the 1st rhizome. Second rhizomes also arised from the basal part of lst tiller at the time of 4th leaf openning. With such a regularity, 5th rhizomes and about 688 shoots were produced from one plant during one year-cultivation without competition under the natural condition. The degree of vegetative growth and seed formation was 3 times and 2.5 times higher in rhizomeoriginated plant than in that from seed, respectively. The amount of seed formation and the 1000 seeds weight was highest in one planted on June 1 and Aug. 1, respectively. Short-day treatment of less than 14hr appeared to be necessary for the induction of flowering and it was effective as treated not during germination but since at least 2 leaf stage of green kyllinga. Each shoot individually responded to short-day. When plants were exposed to short-day (9hr, day / 15hr, night) treatment at the stage of 2-3 leaves, more than 7 cycles were required for flowering induction. Bolting in main shoot occurred after emergence of 4 leaves under the short-day condition. Exogenous $GA_3$ slightly accelerated the velocity of bolting only in short-day condition.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.455-460
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• 2004

This study was conducted to determine the yield, free radical scavengering effect and total phenol contents of various solvent fractions on the crude and defatted grape seed extract during storage. The optimal condition for the extraction yield, free radical scavengering effect and total phenol contents was $90\%$ ethanol for 6 hour at $70^{\circ}C$. The extraction yield for crude and defatted grape seed at optimal condition was $8.9\%\;and\;9.16\%$, respectively. Also, the strongest free radical scavengering effect with $41.52\;{\mu}g/mL$ was observed in $95\%$ ethanol of defatted grape seed extracted for 6 hour at $70^{\circ}C$. Similar result was observed in total phenol contents of defatted grape seed. The ethyl acetate fraction obtained from ethanol extract of defatted grape seed showed the strongest RC50($12.35\;{\mu}g/mL$) compared to other organic fractions. Free radical scavengering effect of crude and defatted grape seed extracts treated with alkali condition(pH 10) was reduced compared to that of acidic condition(pH 2) during storage far 1 month at $50^{\circ}C$. Overall, more stronger free radical scavengering effect and higher total phenol contents in defatted grape seed extracts was observed than that of crude grape seed.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.194-200
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• 1984

Effects of seed coating on establishment, early growth and herbage production were investigated in Pot, Soil box and Field experiments. Seed was coated with 60% Lime, 20% Phosphate and 20% Peatmoss(W/W), also finely sprayed 13% Arabic gum and 2% Methyl cellulose(W/V). Coating were generally 1:20, seed: coat(W/W). 1. In the general growth of the growing stages and different oversown species at 80 days, seed coated was promoted than none in early growth. (Table 2 and 3) 2. Stand counts at 60 days after oversown, seed coated was higher 15% than none, especially, there was advantage due to coating on the medium and large size seeds such as Orchardgrass, Perennial ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass, but did not assist establishment of the large (Tall fescue) and small (Ladino clover) size seed. 3. Variation of sward composition was not quite different between two treatments, but seed coated was slightly increased the Percentage of sown grasses with advance of cutting time. 4. Total dry metter yield per unit area with seed coated was higher 17% than none in establishment year. 5. Variations in the chemical composition of the herbage and soil were influenced by coating materials in the coating regime (Table 8). 6. From these facts, seed coated also appeared that adequate seedling stands, early growth and herbage production could be obtained with higher than conventional overseeding method under a poor conditions.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.200-209
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• 1996

It is assumed to be an efficient method for keeping a germinability of weed seeds as long as possible, if a secondary dormancy is not induced by transferring the seeds of which dormancy was broken in wetting condition into drying condition. To investigate its validity, two experiments were carried out on seeds of 9 weed species ; to find out the most effective storage condition in breaking the dormancy of each weed species and to know whether there is a decrease in the germinability by transferring into drying storage condition. The dormancy of Chenopodium album and Stellaria aquatica was released well under the drying condition, but that of Echinochloa crus-galli var. oryzicola by soaking in water. Other weed species were released from dormancy by storage in wetting condition. When the seeds stored in the wetting or soaking condition, are air-dried and then restored at room or low temperature, a decreasing tendency of germinability which might cause a trouble in using them practically, was not observed except on the seeds of Persicaria vulgaris. In the case of Persicaria vulgaris, the low germination since 3 month-storage seemed not to be caused by drying, because a decrease of its germinability was observed with increasing storage period in all of the storage conditions. In contrast, high germination was induced as the seeds of Echinochloa crusgalli var. oryzicola, which were not germinated during the storage in low temperature and wetting condition, were transferred into the room temperature and drying condition. These results suggest that this approach can be one of the efficient methods for keeping a good germinability as long as possible in most weed seeds.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.17
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• pp.115-133
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• 1974

This study was done on the metabolism of chemical components during the seed development of ginseng. The changes of the chemical components were inspected in the following periods: from the early stage of flower organ formation to flowering time, from the early stage of fruiting to maturity, during the moisture stratification before sowing. From flower bud forming stage to meiosis stage, the changes in the fresh weight, dry weight, contents of carbohydrates, and contents of nitrogen compounds were slight while the content of TCA soluble phosphorus and especially the content of organic phosphorus increased markedly. From meiosis stage to microspore stage the fresh and dry weights increase greatly. Also, the total nitrogen content increases in this period. Insolub]e nitrogen was 62-70% of the total nitrogen content; the increase of insoluble nitrogen seems to have resulted form the synthesis of protein. The content of soluble sugar (reducing and non-reducing sugar) increases greatly but there was no observable increase in starch content. In this same period, TCA soluble phosphorus reached the maximum level of 85.4% of the total phosphorus. TCA insoluble phosphorus remained at the minimum content level of 14.6%. After the pollen maturation stage and during the flowering period the dry weight increased markedly and insolub]e nitrogen also increased to the level of 67% of the total nitrogen content. Also in this stage, the organic phosphorus content decreased and was found in lesser amounts than inorganic phosphorus. A rapid increase in the starch content was also observed at this stage. In the first three weeks after fruiting the ginseng fruit grows rapidly. Ninety percent of the fresh weight of ripened ginseng seed is obtained in this period. Also, total nitrogen content increased by seven times. As the fruits ripened, insoluble nitrogen increased from 65% of the total nitrogen to 80% while soluble nitrogen decreased from 35% to 20%. By the beginning of the red-ripening period, the total phosphoric acid content increased by eight times and was at its peak. In this same period, TCA soluble phosphorus was 90% of total phosphorus content and organic phosphorus had increased by 29 times. Lipid-phosphorus, nucleic acid-phosphorus and protein-phosphorus also increased during this stage. The rate of increase in carbohydrates was similar to the rate of increase in fresh weight and it was observed at its highest point three weeks after fruiting. Soluble sugar content was also highest at this time; it begins to decrease after the first three weeks. At the red-ripening stage, soluble sugar content increased again slightly, but never reached its previous level. The level of crude starch increased gradually reaching its height, 2.36% of total dry weight, a week before red-ripening, but compared with the content level of other soluble sugars crude starch content was always low. When the seeds ripened completely, more than 80% of the soluble sugar was non-reducing sugar, indicating that sucrose is the main reserve material of carbohydrates in ginseng seeds. Since endosperm of the ripened ginseng seeds contain more than 60% lipids, lipids can be said to be the most abundant reserve material in ginseng seeds; they are more abundant than carbohydrates, protein, or any other component. During the moisture stratification, ginseng seeds absorb quantities of water. Lipids, protein and starch stored in the seeds become soluble by hydrolysis and the contents of sugar, inorganic phosphorus, phospho-lipid, nucleic acid-phosphorus, protein phosphorus, and soluble nitrogen increase. By sowing time, the middle of November, embryo of the seeds grows to 4.2-4.7mm and the water content of the seeds amounts to 50-60% of the total seed weight. Also, by this time, much budding material has been accumulated. On the other hand, dry stored ginseng seeds undergo some changes. The water content of the seeds decreases to 5% and there is an observable change in the carbohydraes but the content of lipid and nitrogen compounds did not change as much as carbohydrates.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.61-71
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• 2016

This study was carried out to investigate antimicrobial activities of water extracted Pleurotus ostreatus var Heuktari (PO), and their application to F. fujikuroi Nirenberg growth inhibition material. Various organic solvents (chloroform, hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol) were tested to investigate the antimicrobial activities of Pleurotus ostreatus var Heuktari against F. fujikuroi Nirenberg. Chloroform, hexane, ethyl acetate and hot water extracts had no antimicrobial activities, but butanol extract showed 2.5% strong activities in order of F. fujikuroi Nirenberg disk diffusion test. Then we observe Antifungal activity using green house. Bed soil and mushroom extract mixed at 10%, 7.5%, 5%, 2.5%, 1% total bed soil mass. Screening of Antifungal activity was tested two periode 18day and 25day. The Antifungal activity rate of each period and extract density was 7.5% mixed bedsoil has investigated 80% Antifungal activity rate. The result indicates that the Pleurotus ostreatus var Heuktari extract using F. fujikuroi Nirenberg registance, which shows the development of organic agriculture seed disinfectant.