• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.194-200
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• 1992

In order to use organic resource like a compost 44 samples of paper mill sludge were collected from each paper manufacturer. Some metal and PCBs(polychlorinated biphenyls) contents in/on sludge were investigated and metal contents of soil treated with kraft and paper board sludge were checked in contrast io the non-treated soil. The staple results were the same as followings. 1. Average contents of Pb in sludge ranged 14.5-25.7 ppm, and Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Zn were similar concentration to unpolluted soil. Also, Cr and Hg were not detected from any sludge sample. 2. PCBs contents in sludge of kraft, paper board and news print paper were determined. Less than 10 ppb of $PCB_s$ contents were detected from kraft and paper board sludges, but a little more was found in sludge of news print paper. 3. Some metal contents in sludge treated soil were much similar to non-treated soil and the concentration also were ranged under the average of unpolluted natural soil. 4. From these results paper mill sludge seemed to be no harmful effects to soil.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.54-59
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• 2011

This test established the bioavailability and sample input by mixing the maintaining the microbial machine parts and food waste leachates in weight of 2:1 as advanced experiment, maintaining the constant temperature, agitating and observing its weight and property change for 60 hours. And, I injected daily the established microbial machine parts and food waste leachates rate, maintained the temperature in the reactor with $55{\sim}65^{\circ}C$, and agitated with constant speed. I studied the recycling possibility of food waste leachates by extracting the sample after 24 hours, verifying its characteristics, and repeating the food waste leachates input and sample extraction for about 40 days. Considering all about the results of this study, I saw that 87.32% of food waste leachates was reduced, and the solid of bluebug or food included in the food waste leachates was decomposed within 24 hrs. pH for 43 days after 9 days of stabilization period was maintained from 3.7~3.9 and the ignition loss from 88.67~87.3%, and the quantity of organic matter from 77.6~80.88%. With the similar result daily maintained, it is considered to progress more the minimization by inputting the future food waste leachates. C/N rate satisfies the less than 25 that is the composting basis within 8 days, maintaining between 13~15, with 2% of salt not exceeded, it is able to recycle as the compost of food waste leachates as based on the composting with no extracted heavy metal content.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2002

To elucidate the effect of soil addition and subsoil plowing on the change of sell chemical properties and the reduction of root-knot nematode, this experiment carried out in continuous cropping field of protected oriental melon (Cucumis melo L.). Soil addition reduced electric conductivity (E. C.) from 4.3 to 1.8 dS/m (58%), available $P_2O_5$ from 406 to 182 mg/kg (55%) and organic matter content from 16 to 11 g/kg (31%). Population densities of root-knot nematode in soil reduced as much as 89%, 84%, and 69% at first year, third years, and of five years later, respectively The effects of subsoil plowing were similar to that of soil addition. E. C. and phosphate were reduced from 4.30 to 1.98 dS/m (54%) and phosphate from 406 to 329 mg/kg (19%), respectively. Population densities of root-knot nematode reduced as much as 71%, 67%, and 42% after 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively Subsoil plowing reduced nematode densities only for three years.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2000

The investigation and the analysis of soil chemical properties, microbial flora and cultural practices in plastic house of 60 farms (pepper 20, cucumber 20, oriental melon 20) were conducted in Chonnam area film. An amount of fertilizer application of farms was more than that of standard fertilizer application. That was phosphate at two and a half times, potassium at twice and manure at three times the amount of standard application. It was inferred that excessive fertilizer application would lead to salts accumulation in soil. Continuous cropping injury would be incurred by excesive salts accumulation in soil. Even if inorganic elements in soil culturing peppers, cucumbers and oriental melons were greater than optimum level, base-saturation degree of soil culturing peppers, cucumbers and oriental melons was 40:18:12, 55:16:14 and 40:27:11 respectively. That was lower than the optimum levels (60:15:5). Therefore, crops would be affected by uptake inhibition by nutrition imbalance. Density of Fusarium is related to plant decease in soil i.e. pepper $26.2{\times}10^2\;cfu\;g^{-1}$, cucumber $75.8{\times}10^2\;cfu\;g^{-1}$ and oriental melon $6.5{\times}10^2\;cfu\;g^{-1}$. B/F of soil planted with pepper, cucumber and oriental melon was 91.2, 80.4 and 18.8, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.8-16
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• 2001

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects on plant growth, soil chemical properties and microbial flora with microbial fertilizer to chinese cabbage cultivation. The plant growth was promoted and the yield increased by application of Tian Li Bao(TLB) microbial fertilizer as compared with the control. However, yield a littler decreased in case of the reduced amount of urea application as a top dressing and half of compost chicken manure as a basial fertilizer even if treated with TLB microbial fertilizer. Organic matter and total nitrogen contents decreased as compared to those in the control, and total nitrogen ranged in 0.76~1.44% in the treatments at harvesting time, and decreased with application of TLB microbial fertilizer compared to that of the control. The available phosphorus content in the field before experiment was 559ppm, but it was 755ppm and 653 in the control and treatments at harvesting time, respectively. Therefore, it was shown that phosphorus content in the treatment was lower than that of the control. On the other hand, total nitrogen, phosphorous and K ranged from 2.62 to 2.94%, from 1.48 to 1.55% and from 3.60 to 4.38% in plants after harvest, respectively. There were no significant differences among the treatments. For the soil microbial flora, the population of bacteria in the treatments decreased with application of microbial fertilizer as compared with the control over all cultivation periods. It was shown that the population of pseudomonas spp. was over 3 times higher than that of the control after harvesting. The population of actinomycetes didn't show difference among the treatments, but high density of fungi after harvesting were observed in the treatments.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.334-338
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of improvement of soil physical properties such as deep plowing, subsoil breaking and diagnostic fertilization on the yield of rice and nitrogen-use efficiency in direct seeding on flooded paddy surface of rice. The effects of deep plowing, subsoil breaking and diagnostic application of N, P, K fertilizers, Latex coated urea(LCU), compost, silicate were investigated. The soil physical properties, such as bulk density, hardness and porosity were improved and the content of organic matter and available $SiO_2$ were also increased by deep plowing and subsoil breaking. The amount of $NH_4-N$ in soil was highly increased by diagnostic fertilization and deep plowing at 5th leaf stage. The nitrogen-use efficiency was the highest at the diagnostic application of LCU 70% applied as basal dressing with subsoil breaking. The yield of rice increased by 8% under the diagnostic application of LCU 70% applied as basal dressing with subsoil breaking compared with the conventional application.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.74-83
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• 2011

In this study, to estimate the transforming (runoff and leachate) rate of the livestock resources applying to agricultural crop land as fertilizer, field scale test was conducted and the results were obtained as follows. According to results of livestock resources effect to agricultural land, the total amount of harvested crop from testing bed was $0.437kg/m^2$, and nutrient contents were $0.024{\pm}0.006%$ and $0.020{\pm}0.004%$ for N and P, respectively. Dynamics of contaminants in the livestock resources to be supplied to agricultural crop land showed that concentrations were continuously decreased to the level of blank test bed until 60 days of planting. The amount of runoff from farm land showed the tendency to increase according to the increase of rainfall intensity. Run-off ratio of 10mm/h rainfall intensity for agricultural land showed that each contaminant concentration was increased due to rainfall intensity with 8 mm/h, specifically SS showed the highest increase.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.252-258
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• 2018

A larger energy consumption and concentration of population induced green house gas glowing and heat island effect in the urban space. Roof green system was a effect method to reduce green house gas and heat concentration in the city. Therefore, construction of this system was increasing. Most of lightweight soil used in roof green system was perlite, but this caused dust and skin disease. So it needed to develop another new lightweight soli for roof green system. Meanwhile, a thermoelectric power plant generated bottom ash as a by-product. According to previous research, bottom ash could be used for artificial lightweight soil with 60 wt% of mixing rate. But this study was proceed to develop a artificial lightweight soil using bottom ash with higher mixing rate by 65 wt% and different organic ingredients. First, physical and chemical properties of bottom ash was investigated. Then test according to landscaping design standard was proceeded for various artificial lightweight soil mix types using bottom ash, bark, compost and coco peat. As a result, the artificial lightweight soil with 65% of bottom ash, 30% of bark and 5% of compost was suitable for low and middle range of soil standard.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.209-215
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• 1992

Different from 'Seyokwiryang' (歲易爲良 : fallowing as the best method) which was an agricultural technique of ancient China, fertilization of rice fields was already practiced in the end of Koryo age in Korea. 'Bunjongbeob'(糞種法 : fertilizer applicating method on seed) or 'Bunkwabeob' (糞科法 : fertilizer applicating method on each plant) was practiced before green manure of bean crops and 'Bunjeonbeob'(糞田法 : fertilizer practicing method on fields) were done. In the 15th century 'Dojeonbunjeonbeob'(稻田糞田法 : fertilizer applicating method on paddy) in 'Jikseol' was divided the materials to be used into the soil brought from another place, trees, grasses, and the manure. Also, it discribed the fertilization between first plowing and the second, and proper fertilization for particular soil conditions. In case of transplanting techniques, the fertilization practices were specified into nursery and rice fields, and restoration of organic matter was systemized by plowing for cultivation in the reclaimed areas. In the 17th century, through 'Jikseolbo'($\ulcorner$直說補$\lrcorner$), the habitual practice of Kyungsang province was systemized and 'Bunyangsool'(糞壤術 : technique of fertilization) of 'Jodoangkicheo' (早稻秧基處 : rearing fields of early-ripening rice) was completed. Specific things was the manufacturing and utilizing techniques of 'Bunhoe'(糞灰 : mixture of manure and ash), 'Yohoe'(尿灰 : mixture of urine and ash), and additional fertilizers. In the 18 to 19th century, the materials of fertilization were greatly enlarged to recover the waste lands and to support the reinforcement of soil fertility for increasing the system of two cropping a year. Also, 'Jeobunbeob'(貯糞法 : method of manure storage) and additional fertilization were emphasized, and use of wagons for it was emphasized to improve the theory of fertilization and working efficiency. As mentioned above, limitation of fertilizing materials was conquered by 'Dojeonbunyang'(稻田糞壤 : techniques of practicing fertilizers in paddy) and the system of additional fertilization was established. The fertilization methods were improved with 'Jeobunbeob' due to the theory and recognition necessary for high rates of fertilizers.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.681-692
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• 2017

In recent years, large-scale construction projects such as road pavement construction and new city construction have been carried out nationwide with by the expansion of social overhead facilities and base on the economic development planning, resulting in a rapid increase in artificial slope damage. The existing vegetation-based re-installation method of the slope surface greening method reveals various problems such as lack of bonding force, drying, and lack of organic matter. In this study, research was carried out using vegetation-based material and environmentally friendly soil additives, were are used in combination with natural humus, Bark compost, coco peat, and vermiculite. Uniaxial compressive strength was measured according to the mixing ratio of soil additives and the strength was analyzed. Experiments were carried out on the characteristics of the soil material to gauge the slope protection properties by using the soil compaction test method wherein the soil and the soil additive materials are mixed in relation to the soil height, the number of compaction, the compaction method (layer) and the curing condition. As a result of the experiment, excellent strength performance was demonstrated in soil additives using gypsum cement, and it satisfied vegetation growth standards by using performance enhancer and pH regulator. It was confirmed that the strength increases with the mixing of soil and soil additive, and the stability of slope protection can be improved.