• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.107-120
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• 2019

Crude oil is a resource that is being used as a raw material in major industries, representing the price of the raw material market. It is also an important element that affects the shipping market in terms of fuel costs for freight vessels. As a result, crude oil and freight rates are closely related. Therefore, from January 2009 to June 2019, this study analyzed the dependency structure between oil price (WTI) and freight rates (BDI, BCI, BPI, BSI, and BHI) using daily data. The main results are summarized as follows. First, according to the copula results, survival Gumbel copula in WTI-BDI, Clayton copula in WTI-BCI, Survival Joe copula in WTI-BPI, Joe copula in WTI-BSI, and survival Gumbel copula in WTI-BHI were selected as the best-fitted model. Second, looking at Kendall's tau correlation, there is a positive correlation between BDI and oil price. Furthermore, freight rate index (BCI, BPI, BSI) and oil price show positive dependencies. In particular, the strongest dependence was found in BCI and oil price returns. However, BHI and oil price show a negative dependency. Third, looking at the tail-dependency structure, a pair between oil price and BDI, BCI showed a lower tail-dependency. The pair between oil price and BSI showed the upper tail-dependency.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.136-142
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• 1997

의존 명사와 이를 꾸미는 관형어는 통사적으로 긴밀한 언어학적 단위를 이루므로 의존 명사에 대한 하위 범주 분류는 한국어 자연어 처리에 있어서 중요하다. 그러나 기존 국어 문법에서는 이 문제가 일관성 있게 다루어지지 않았다. 이 논문에서는 국어 사전(조재수 1997)에 올라 있는 의존 명사 600여 개를 허웅(1996)의 분류 기준을 보완하여 일관성 있게 하위 범주 분류를 시도하였다. 또 수량 단위 명사는 앞에 오는 수사의 종류에 따라 더 세분하였다.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.43-65
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• 2023

Recently, with the increasing international interest on environmental issues, efforts have been made to reduce greenhouse gas emissions due to ship fuel, however, the dependence on fossil fuel is expected to continue for a while. Since fuel costs account for a high portion of the total operating cost of a ship, it is necessary to analyze the influence of oil prices on the shipping markets. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the international oil prices and the four major shipping markets for bulk carriers. This study employed WTI as the oil price variable while monthly data from 2017 to 2020 from the four major shipping markets by classifying freight rates, charter rates, newbuilding prices, and secondhand prices were also considered in multiple ship sizes of capesize, panamax, supramax, and handysize. Firstly, the results of the correlation analysis using the VAR model indicate that changes in international oil prices have a statistically positive (+) significant effect on BCIS only in the second time lag, on BSIS at all lags, and on BHIS only in the first staggered period. Secondly, as a result of correlation analysis using the VECM model, in the case of BPIC, BHIC, BCIN, and BHIR, the cointegration coefficient value has a negative (-) significant effect at the 5% significance level in the cointegration relationship with international oil prices. Further, in the case of the dynamic correlation, the increase in oil price in the first period of the lag leads to a decrease in the BCIN newbuilding prices while the increase in the oil price in the first and second period in the lag leads to a decrease in the BHIR used ship prices.

• Korea Petroleum Association Journal
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• no.1 s.107
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• pp.66-70
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• 1990

이 논문은 OPEC(석유수출국기구) 전사무총장인 HE Dr Subroto가 지난해 유럽 정치인들과 학자들의 저명한 모임인 'the Royal institute for international Relations'에서 행한 연설 내용을 옮긴 것이다. 수브로토는 이 연설에서 만일 생산자들과 소비자들이 과거의 불신을 뛰어넘어 석유교역에 있어서의 전지구적인 상호의존성을 받아들인다면 유가의 격심한 변동은 피할 수 있을 것이라는 견해를 피력하였다. <편집자 주>

• Korea Petroleum Association Journal
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• no.10 s.8
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• pp.80-81
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• 1981

유가상승률은 2000년까지 년 1~2%. 자유세계 석유의존도는 2000년까지 40%이하로 감소

• Proceedings of the Korean Magnestics Society Conference
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• 1999.04a
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• pp.80-81
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• 1999

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.36
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• pp.259-291
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• 2013

This article is to study the purpose and significance of Chongyoulun of Peiwei, and it is composed of the two parts of philosophy and critical mind. The critical mind on Chongyoulun is as follows: first, it is mis-interpretative to define the main thought of Laozi as Xuwu. Next, the old philosophers did not criticize Xuwuism properly; as a result, they failed to stop spreading Xuwuism. Last, Guiwulun brought about the disorder of the way of life and the collapse of the public order. Based on this critical mind, Peiwei built up the following philosophy based on You as the fundamental principle of the existence and the movement of universal nature. First, Tao is the combined Wanyou, not abstract substance which is outside of Wanyou. Second, Wu is the state of being without You, and You only comes from You. Third, You can survive depending on external You because You is not the independent substance. Therefore, understanding the external You is the main factor of its existence. Fourth, Wanyou do not harm each other as they get together since Wanyous are interdependent. People are the being who can live through the mutual dependent relationships; hence, social system and morals (ethics) are key factors of the world in the oncological point of view. Wanyou had tried to rebuild the corrupted way of life and public order by recovering the justification of moral orders based on the mutual dependence of Wanyou which is the substance character.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.287-291
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• 2009

In order to use Corni fructus as functional food materials, we investigated the biological activities of ethanol extracts from Corni fructus (EECF). The hydrogen-donating activity of EECF was increased in a dose dependent manner compared with untreated control, and the activities by EECF were 64 and 74% at 300 and $500{\mu}g/mL$ concentration, respectively. The NO productions in the RAW264.7 marcrophage cells treated with EECF were increased in dose dependent manners. EECF significantly inhibited the growth of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in dose and time dependent manners. EECF of $500{\mu}g/mL$ concentration inhibited the proliferation by over 60% in the MCF-7 cells when treated for 72 hr. Also, the proliferations were increased in the MCF-7 cells cultured in the charcoal-treated FBS (cFBS) medium with environmental hormones such as bisphenol or $17{\beta}$-estradiol of $0.1{\mu}M$ whereas the proliferations were decreased in the MCF-7 cells treated with the environmental hormones after treatment of EEFC for 72 hr. The results suggest that Corni fructus would be used as functional food materials.

• 한국유가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.63-84
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• 2005

• Proceedings of the KSCN Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.974.1-974
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• 2002