• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.845-860
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• 2016

This paper proposes a digital watermarking scheme to protect the ownership of the freeview 2D or 3D image such that the viewer watches the image(s) by rendering a arbitrary viewpoint image(s) with the received texture image and its depth image. In this case a viewpoint change attack essentially occurs, even if it is not malicious. In addition some malicious attacks should be considered, which is to remove the embedded watermark information. In this paper, we generate a depth variation map (DVM) to find the locations less sensitive to the viewpoint change. For each LH subband after 3-level 2DDWT for the texture image, the watermarking locations are found by referring the DVM. The method to embed a watermark bit to a pixel uses a linear quantizer whose quantization step is determined according to the energy of the subband. To extract the watermark information, all the possible candidates are first extracted from the attacked image by considering the correlation to the original watermark information. For each bit position, the final extracted bit is determined by a statistical treatment with all the candidates corresponding that position. The proposed method is experimented with various test images for the various attacks and compared to the previous methods to show that the proposed one has excellent performance.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.89-94
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• 2004

Callus of Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bor were induced from leaf explant on l/2MS solid supplemented with combination of auxin (2.4-D, NAA: 0.1∼2mg/L) and cytokinin (BA: 0.1∼0.2mg/L). The effects of various medium, culture conditions and phytohormones on the growth of callus were investigated. MS, WPM, B$_{5}$ medium and diluted or concentrated media (1/2X, 2X, 3X) were used to investigate the growth of callus on each media. Among these, the highest growth was observed when cultured in in 2B$_{5}$ medium containing 0.5mg/L NAA and 1mg/L BA, 3％ sucrose and 49.6 mM KNO$_3$ as nitrogen source, and 2.16mM NaH$_2$PO$_4$ as phoshate source at $25^{\circ}C$ in the dark. The calli cultured with 5％ sucrose produced high salidroside content (0.41％ on the basis of dry wt) than normal root (0.17％).

• KSBB Journal
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.431-437
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• 1996

The nar promoter of Escherichta coli, which is maximally induced under anaerobic conditions in the presence of nitrate, was characterized to see whether the nar promoter cloned onto pBR322 can be used as an expression promoter. The modified nar promoter, in which several bases in the -10 region was mutated to the consensus sequence by site-directed mutagenesis, was characterized in E. coli, on which chromosome the fnr gene affecting expression of the nar promoter according to dissolved oxygen level was mutated. The E. coli lacZ gene was used as a reporter gene. The following effects were investigated to find optimal conditions to induce the modified nar promoter: induction methods, optimal nitrate concentrations, the amount of ${\beta}$-galactosidase expressed at the different growth conditions, and induction characteristics. The following results were obtained from the experiments : expression of ${\beta}$-galactosidase from the modified nar promoter was not affected much by nitrate concentrations. The maximal specific ${\beta}$-galactosidase activity was obtained when E. coli was grown under aerobic conditions, and then the modified nar promoter was induced at OD600=2.2 under microaerobic conditions (DO=1∼2%), under which conditions the maximal specific ${\beta}$-galactosidase activity was 13,000 Miller units. However, the specific ${\beta}$-galactosidase activity was approximately 6,000 Miller units even before the modified nar promoter was induced. Therefore, the modified nar promoter seemed to be useful when the cloned gene wants to be expressed in E. coli constitutively.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 2014

Root-knot nematodes represent a significant problem in cucumber, causing reduction in yield and quality. To develop screening methods for resistance of cucumber to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, development of root-knot nematode of four cucumber cultivars ('Dragonsamchuk', 'Asiastrike', 'Nebakja' and 'Hanelbakdadaki') according to several conditions such as inoculum concentration, plant growth stage and transplanting period was investigated by the number of galls and egg masses produced in each seedling 45 days after inoculation. There was no difference in galls and egg masses according to the tested condition except for inoculum concentration. Reproduction of the nematode on all the tested cultivars according to inoculum concentration increased in a dose-dependent manner. On the basis of the result, the optimum conditions for root-knot development on the cultivars is to transplant period of 1 week, inoculum concentration of 5,000 eggs/plant and plant growth stage of 3-week-old in a greenhouse ($25{\pm}5^{\circ}C$). In addition, under optimum conditions, resistance of 45 commercial cucumber cultivars was evaluated. One rootstock cultivar, Union was moderately resistant to the root-knot nematode. However, no significant difference was in the resistance of the others cultivar. According to the result, we suggest an efficient screening method for new resistant cucumber to the root-knot nematode, M. incognita.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.57-66
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• 2007

According to the rapid economic growth and the escalation of recreational tourism activities due to the change of job and working patterns, currently various traffic problems often occur in tourist areas. As tourist traffic, contrary to general traffic, is not regional but rather from outside the area of interest, it is hard to grasp the traffic situation surrounding the tourist area. Furthermore, since the traffic is concentrated during a limited tourist season, it is difficult to examine and solve the problem. In this study, in order to test the feasibility of introducing a traffic transfer system to reduce congestion in tourist areas, the authors considered the differences in traffic congestion between typical and tourist seasons and designed a willingness to pay model. The willingness to pay amount for a shuttle bus fare is assumed as 1,430 Won and 1,650 Won is assumed for a transfer parking charge. These amounts were slightly above the current bus fare in the study area, but many people thought that the introduction of a traffic transfer system would help to relieve the traffic congestion approaching the tourist area and to develop tourism resources. As the willingness to pay appeared high from the persons used in this study, it was indirectly confirmed that the introduction of a traffic transfer system would be a step in the right direction.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 2008

GDD models of corn were developed in bare soil, while sweet and super sweet corns are grown under black polyethylene (P. E.) film mulch in Korea. To develop a suitable GDD model under black P. E. film mulch, a super sweet com hybrid "Cambella-90" was planted from 1 April to 30 June in 2003 at the 10-day intervals under black P. E. film mulch and in bare soil. In bare soil the best GDD model was $GDD\;=\;{\sum}[H"+L')/2\;-\;10^{\circ}C]$, where H" was daily maximum temperature but is was substituted for $30^{\circ}C$ - (daily maximum temperature - $30^{\circ}C$) when higher than $30^{\circ}C$ and L' was daily minimum temperature, but it was substituted for $10^{\circ}C$ when lower than $10^{\circ}C$. The same GDD model could be adapted for com grown under black P. E. film mulch, but base temperature was substituted for $9^{\circ}C$. To determine planting date for the scheduled harvests, accumulated GDDs were calculated using 30-year average temperature data during the growing season. Under black P. E. film mulch planting dates were determined by subtracting GDD of the hybrid, $970^{\circ}C$, from accumulated GDD of scheduled harvest dates.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.214-222
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• 2015

Aeromonas hydrophila is the most common water fish pathogen and cause diseases such as hemorrhagic septicemia, dropsy, ulceration and asymptomatic septicemia. A. hydrophila secretes many extracellular products (ECPs) which contribute to effective infection, wide distribution and great adaptability to environmental changes. Crude ECPs of A. hydrophila CK257, a strain used in this study, exhibits a toxic activity to the animals including mouse, rabbit and fish. Toxic symptoms were indicated by tissue damage and skin injuries in animal. When ECPs were subcutaneously injected to animals, skin damages were observed, appearing like necrosis. Preliminary research demonstrated that the active factors are protein component. The crude ECPs were collected after ammonium sulfate precipitation of cell-free culture supernatant. ECPs were fractionated with the use gel filtration chromatography. Five ECP fractions were obtained, of which one fraction was found to be toxic to goldfish. MALDI-TOF analyses provided two interesting proteases called M35 and M28. Both M35 and M28 are known as metalloprotease. Accordingly, proteins in an active fraction exhibited caseinolytic activity. These proteins were difference of caseinolytic activity under different metallic ions. Also active fraction has elastolytic activity. These results suggested that peptidase M28 and M35 may be a candidate factor for tissue necrosis activity about infection with A. hydrophila.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.43 no.5 s.311
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• pp.29-37
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• 2006

Thresholding is a fundamental approach to segmentation that utilizes a significant degree of pixel popularity or intensity. Otsu's thresholding employed the normalized histogram as a discrete probability density function. Also it utilized a criterion that minimizes the between-class variance of pixel intensity to choose a threshold value for segmentation. However, the Otsu's method has a disadvantage of repeatedly searching optimal thresholds for the entire range. In this paper, a simple but fast multi-level thresholding approach is proposed by means of extending the Otsu's method. Rather than invoke the Otsu's method for the entire gray range, we advocate that the gray-level range of an image be first divided into smaller sub-ranges, and that the multi-level thresholds be achieved by iteratively invoking this dividing process. Initially, in the proposed method, the gray range of the object image is divided into 2 classes with a threshold value. Here, the threshold value for segmentation is selected by invoking the Otsu's method for the entire range. Following this, the two classes are divided into 4 classes again by applying the Otsu's method to each of the divided sub-ranges. This process is repeatedly performed until the required number of thresholds is obtained. Our experimental results for three benchmark images and fifty faces show a possibility that the proposed method could be used efficiently for pattern matching and face recognition.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.313-315
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• 2019

Although Korea's fashion market has negative growth, it has been growing again since 2018. This phenomenon means that people are becoming more interested in fashion. As interest in fashion grows, people visit various community sites for reference to find a suitable coordination for themselves. Most community sites, however, are manually categorizing each garment. Not only do these tasks take a lot of time, but they also make it difficult to search for multiple clothing at the same time. In other words, I can't choose what I want at the same time, and if I choose what I want, I have to look at what the model is wearing and refer to it. The problem with this may not help because the coordination in which the model provided is worn is more likely to be the one that the user does not want. In this paper, when the image is uploaded to improve the problem, the clothing is analyzed with AI analysis model and automatically classified and stored. Therefore, not only can you search for one clothes in the existing way, but you can also search for multiple clothes at the same time. The service is expected to allow more people to easily find and refer to the code for themselves.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1033-1041
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• 2020

Many people of all ages wish to have lighter skin for cosmetic reasons, and natural products attract more attention than chemically synthesized compounds. Uncaria rhynchophylla is widely used in Asia as a traditional herbal medicine. In order to find novel skin whitening agents, the present study evaluated the antioxidant activity and potential tyrosinase-inhibiting properties of U. rhynchophylla. Specifically, this study analyzed the antioxidant capacity of a 70% ethanolic extract of U. rhynchophylla as well as its effects on tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis. Total mRNA levels were examined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The results revealed that U. rhynchophylla extracts exhibit great antioxidant capacity and significant levels of polyphenol and flavonoid compounds. U. rhynchophylla extracts can also powerfully inhibit tyrosinase activity. This same capacity was observed in melanoma B16F10 cells; that is, U. rhynchophylla extracts suppressed intracellular tyrosinase activity and reduced the amount of melanin in treated cells. In addition, a 1 mg/ml concentration of U. rhynchophylla extract significantly reduced the mRNA expression levels of tyrosinase. U. rhynchophylla extracts decrease tyrosinase and inhibit melanogenesis in B16F10 cells. This finding suggests that U. rhynchophylla has great potential as a natural whitening agent in skincare products.