• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.71-95
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• 2017

This study aims (1) to identify whether real terms of imprisonment for sexual offenders against children are different between the first trial and appeal trial in 16 cases and (2) to assess which sentencing factors such as history of sexual crime of perpetrator, forgiveness of children, regretfulness of perpetrator, power of perpetrator, and relationship of perpetrator and victim influence sentencing period of imprisonment in the first and appeal trials, respectively. This study used cases which were prosecuted for sexual crimes against children since the protection act on the children and juveniles from sexual abuse was enacted in 2000. The target cases of the study include 8 first trials and 8 appeal cases which were appealed to the Supreme Court between 2000 and 2015. Result condition is the real term of imprisonment. Cause conditions include sentencing factors such as history of sexual crime, regretfulness, and power of perpetrator, forgiveness of child, and relationship between offender and victim. We employed Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) for data analysis. We found that there are sentences in the first trial with lower terms than appeal trial regarding child sexual crimes. In addition, we found that (1) power of perpetrator and forgiveness of victim significantly influenced sentencing periods of imprisonment at levels of courts; (2) cause condition considered as comparatively more important in the first trial was regretfulness of perpetrator(but not in the appeal trial); and (3) relationship of perpetrator and child was not important in sentencing for sexual crime at both levels of trials.

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.101-128
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• 2010

In this paper I explore the theory of agent causation proposed by T. O'Connor. According to the theory, we can't explain an agent's control over his intention and action without appealing to 'agent causes events'(shortly, ACEs). But I argue that ACEs can't be a help to an agent's control over his intention and action. For this I show that reason-responsiveness is a necessary condition for an agent's control. In order for ACEs to help in explaining an agent's control, ACEs must be able to satisfy 'reason-responsiveness condition'. But, ACEs fail to satisfy the condition. For this reason, I conclude that ACEs can't be a help to an agent's control over his intention and action.

• 월간산업보건
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• s.69
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• pp.26-32
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• 1994

어떠한 직업성 폭로와 그리고 특정한 질병간의 원인결과 관련성이 매우 명확할 때 이러한 질병은, 의학적으로 또한 대부분의 경우에 법적으로 직업성 질환으로 규정된다. 그러나 작업과 작업조건은 이러한 명확한 원인결과관계 이외에도, 일반적인 질환의 발생에 일부분 기여할수 있는데, 이는 원인의 일부로 또는 일단 발생된 질환을 악화시키는 것으로 기여할수 있고, 근로자의 직업과 관련된 생활습관을 통하여 간접적으로 그게 되는데, 이는 반드시 원인결과의 관계이어야만 한다는 것은 아니고, 직업과 직업 또는 작업조건에 어떠한 면으로 관련되어 있으면 이러한 범주에 들게 된다. 고전적인 직업병은 이러한 관련성의 한 극단을 이루고 있으며, 직업과 관련되어서 매우 미약한 관련성을 가지는 또는 불확실한 관련을 가지는 질환들은 다른 극단을 점하고 있다. 이러한 극단들 사이에 위치한 많은 질환들은 어떠한 특정한 조건에서만 업무관련성을 지니며 그들의 원인은 항상 다원적인(multifactotial) 것이다. 이러한 관련성의 확정은 역학의 중요한 역할중의 하나이나 이 글에서는 대표적인 몇가지 질환을 대상으로 이러한 연구에서 고려하여야 할 점들을 Sven Hernberg의 "Introduction to Occupational Epidemiology"를 통하여 정리하여 보고자 하였다.

• 한국사회정책
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.301-321
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• 2018

The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether any combination of the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the public pension system is a causal factor for the elderly poverty reduction rate. For this, fuzzy-set qualitative comparison analysis was conducted with the poverty reduction rate as the outcome condition variable, the public pension expenditure ratio, the redistributive index, the first floor public pension weight, the second floor public pension weight and the second floor forced private pension weight did. As a result of the analysis, the combination of high public pension expenditure ratio, low two - tier public pension share and high two - tier compulsory private pension share has become a cause of high poverty reduction rate of the elderly. And more various forms of association were found as the cause of low poverty reduction rate of the elderly. This paper suggests policy proposals based on the above findings.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.1-6
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• 1989

응력집중의 원인은 여러 가지 있으며, 각각의 방지대책 또한 이론적으로는 밝혀져 있다. 그러나 실제 용접구조물에 있어서는 여러 가지 제약조건 때문에 유효한 방지대학을 적용할 수 없는 경우도 있어 이러한 경우에는 설계와 시공 등을 통하여 최적의 조건을 도출하는 것이 중요하다. 또한, 응력집중의 악영향은 사용조건이나 환경에 의하여 크게 변화하므로, 어떤 조건에서는 문제되지 않는 응력집중이 다른 조건에서는 손상의 원인이 되기도 한다. 빈약한 경험에 근거한 독단이나 지식부족에 의한 무분별은 극히 위험한 것이다. 응력집중의 악영향을 방지하는데는 설계기술자는 물론 용접시공을 담당하는 용접기술자, 용접지도자 등 넓은 범위의 관련기술자가 응력집중의 악영향과 그 방지대책의 기본에 대하여 바른 지식을 가지고 용접시공에 관련된 모든 공정 및 작업에 주의를 기울이고 적절한 조처를 취하는 것이 중요하다.

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.183-209
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• 2019

In this paper, I first examine Reiss'(2005) arguments for the causal instrumental variable. Second, I argue that the conditions for causal transitivity I consider meet what the causal instrumental variables and the interveners of the manipulation theory of causation are intended to hold. Reiss shows that two conditions for instrumental variables are not sufficient for causal significance of independent variables for dependent variables. Reiss articulates and reformulates the conditions for instrumental variables in terms of the conditions on causality, while naming his instrumental variables as causal instrumental variables. Reiss argues that the causal instrumental variables are similar to the interveners of the manipulation, or intervention theory of causation. He further argues that the causal instrumental variables do a better job the interveners do. I argue that the conditions for causal transitivity I consider meet the goal the conditions for the causal instrumental variables and the conditions for the interveners both are intended to achieve.

• 방재와보험
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• s.61
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• pp.62-63
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• 1994

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1998.05a
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• pp.496-501
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• 1998

최근 국내의 PWR 발전소에서는 유체유발진동에 의한 핵연료의 Fretting Wear가 많이 발생하였다. 이는 Baffle Jetting이나 그 밖의 요인도 있을 수 있으나 핵연료의 장주기화, 높은 열적여유도등의 설계요건을 만족하기 위한 노심 내의 유동조건 변화에 기인한다. 특히 고리 2호기에서 발생한 핵연료 손상 중 15%정도가 유체유발진동으로 추정되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 손상 핵연료의 노심내 위치, 부위, 유동조건 등으로 부터 유체유발진동의 주요 손상 원인을 규명하는데 있다. 이를 위해 핵연료 집합체에서 발생할 수 있는 유체유발진동 메카니즘의 특징과 유동조건, 손상 핵연료의 노심내 위치, 파손 부위, 집합체와 지지격자의 기하학적 형태를 고려한 유동 방향 등을 연관 분석 결과 파손을 일으키는 주요원인을 단일 집합체 내에서 발생되는 Vortex Shedding과 인접한 집합체 사이에서 발생되는 Fluidelastic Instability의 중복효과로 규명하였다 또한 최근 핵연료 설계에 도입된 Mixing Vane의 효과가 과도하여 핵연료 손상을 일으키는 가설을 정립하였다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.33-69
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• 2010

This paper examines the causes of the terms of trade decline in Korea since the mid-1990s, using the decomposition methodology suggested by Baxter and Kouparitsas (2000) as well as regression analysis. The main empirical results are summarized as follows. The decomposition exercise of changes in terms of trade showed that Korea's terms of trade decline for the past decade or so is attributable to goods price effect which were driven by the rise of oil prices relative to manufactures. The decomposition of terms of trade change for 55 countries showed that terms of trade decline due to goods price effect is a phenomenon that was commonly observed for exporters of manufactures since mid-1990s. These results suggest that external factors such as China's trade expansion, rather than internal factors, are mostly responsible for the decline in terms of trade. In accordance with these results, the regression results suggest that China's trade expansion contributed to Korea's terms of trade decline, especially in 2000s, by raising the import prices of oil and raw materials and lowering the export prices of manufacturing products.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.323-338
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• 2013

There are multiple process mechanism in causal reasoning, which is estimation of the causal strength between cause and result. Further, because these mechanisms operate on different time phase during causal reasoning, it is highly possible that different individual difference factors are related to individual mechanisms of causal reasoning. Especially, the phenomena of conditionalization and discounting reflect attention to multiple potential causes when people infer the relationship between cause and effect. In this study, we manipulated self-construal which is an individual difference factor that reflects context sensitivity in cognition. As results, no difference was observed in conditionalization between individuals with an independent self-construal and those with an interdependent self-construal. However, independent self-construal group was observed to be lower in discounting than the interdependent self-construal group. The results indicate that conditionalization and discounting are independent cognitive process in human causal reasoning.