• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.411-418
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• 2014

This study seeks to identify the effects of light pollution and environmental factors on Great Tits(Parus major) bird's chirping at dawn. For this research, the campus of Sanji University, Wonju, South Korea was selected as the area with light pollution and the western forest of the Chiaksan National Park was chosen as the natural area herein. The Recording period was between March 26th and May 30th, 2014. As a result of analyzing the chirping time according to light pollution, it was found that the light pollution area clearly showed earlier chirping time than the natural area (p<0.05). Great Tits(P. major) normally start their first chirping before sunrise and in most of the days under investigation of this research, those in Sanji University started to chirp earlier. This faster chirping time seems to improve the chance for the female birds to mate with immature males thus, baby birds hatch earlier than the appropriate breeding season and results in the lack of feed resources. The correlation between Great Tits'(P. major) dawn chirping and environmental factors were investigated herein including the time of sunrise, civil twilight, navigation twilight, astronomical twilight, average temperature, highest temperature, lowest temperature, time of moonrise and cloudiness. The first chirping time of wild birds in the day was found to have correlations with all of the environmental factors excluding the time of moonrise and cloudiness. Great Tits(P. major) started their first chirping before sunrise when the day started to break around civil twilight. Along with the earlier sunrise and higher air temperature, their dawn chirping time was also quickened. The time of moonrise and cloudiness did not show a correlation and further follow-up studies will be necessary in this regard.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.724-729
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• 2016

Environmental factors that affect the singing of cicadas have not been studied extensively, especially those affecting the cicadas' singing during the nighttime. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify the effects of tropical night and light pollution on the cicadas' singing in a downtown area. The study sites were an apartment complex in Seocho-gu, Seoul, and the Chiaksan National Park in Wonju-si. The study subjects were Hyalessa fuscata and Cryptotympana atrata, which are the dominant species in Korea during summer. Cicada songs were recorded 24 hours a day, every day. The recording period was between July and August, lasting 25 days at the Seoul site and 14 days at the Chiaksan National Park. Temperature, precipitation, humidity, and amount of sunshine were selected as the environmental factors that potentially affect the cicadas' singing. Statistical analyses included correlations of meteorological factors with the cicadas' singing per hour, per 24 hours, and at nighttime (21:00~04:00). The results showed that: 1) H. fuscata began singing during the dawn hours, and the singing increased in intensity early in the morning. C. atrata's singing reached its peak in the morning and afternoon, ceased during sunset hours, thereby exhibiting a difference in the singing pattern of the two species. 2) The frequency of singing by H. fuscata decreased when C. atrata began to sing intensively in numbers, thereby exhibiting interspecific influence. 3) The results of the correlation analysis between meteorological factors and the singing of H. fuscata and C. atrata showed that both species tended to sing more when the temperature was higher and sang less on rainy days. 4) When limited to nighttime only, C. atrata showed a tendency of singing when the nighttime temperature was high ($24-30^{\circ}C$, average $27^{\circ}C$), whereas H. fuscata did not show a correlation with meteorological factors. However, since H. fuscata sang during the night in areas with artificial lighting, it was concluded that its singing was due to light pollution.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.406-413
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• 2020

In this paper, to improve the classification accuracy of bird and amphibian acoustic sound, we utilize GLU (Gated Linear Unit) and Self-attention that encourages the network to extract important features from data and discriminate relevant important frames from all the input sequences for further performance improvement. To utilize acoustic data, we convert 1-D acoustic data to a log-Mel spectrogram. Subsequently, undesirable component such as background noise in the log-Mel spectrogram is reduced by GLU. Then, we employ the proposed temporal self-attention to improve classification accuracy. The data consist of 6-species of birds, 8-species of amphibians including endangered species in the natural environment. As a result, our proposed method is shown to achieve an accuracy of 91 % with bird data and 93 % with amphibian data. Overall, an improvement of about 6 % ~ 7 % accuracy in performance is achieved compared to the existing algorithms.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.270-276
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• 1994

To evaluate the effect of a new topical anesthetic cream (EMLA: Eutectic mixture of local anesthetics) on reducing pain associated with DPT vaccination, we conducted a clinical observation on eighty infants who were brought to well baby clinic of Yeungnam University Hospital for DPT vaccination. 80 Infants, who were between 2 months and 8 months in age, were divided into two groups. EMLA treated group and control group. Male to femle sex ratio was 1.4 to 1. EMLA cream was applied 60 minutes before DPT vaccination, the effect of reducing pain was assessed by using McGrath's face scale, Oucher pain scale and modified behavioral pain scale (MBPS) and also evaluated by measuring the duration and time of crying (the time of the first crying after injection, duration of the first crying, total duration of crying). The scores of those scales were lower in EMLA treated group than in control group significantly (P(0.01 in McGrath's face scale, MBPS and p<0.05 in Oucher pain scale). There was no difference in the time of the first crying after vaccination in both groups. The duration of the first crying was shorter in EMLA treated group than control group of crying was also shorter in EMLA treated group (EMLA treated group $9.0{\pm}6.0$ sec, control group $21.9{\pm}12.5$ sec, p<0.05). Transient skin erythema was noted in 5 infants after EMLA application, but no other adverse effects were observed. We conclude that the application of EMLA cream before vaccination seems to be an effective and safe way to reduce the pain from vaccination, but it takes usually 60 minutes to get the anesthetic effect of EMLA and it is expensive, so EMLA cream can not be recommended in routine vaccination in infants now.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.666-668
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• 2018

최근 반려동물을 키우는 가구 수의 증가와 함께, 반려묘에 대한 관심도 상당히 증가하고 있다. 특히 반려인은 반려묘와의 원활한 의사소통과 교감을 바라지만 반려묘의 세세한 감정 상태를 24시간 내내 파악하는 것은 어려운 일이다. 본 논문에서는 반려묘의 울음소리에 많은 감정 및 상태 정보가 담겨있는 것에 착안하여, 반려묘의 울음소리를 기반으로 감정을 분류하는 시스템을 제안한다. 제안된 시스템은 먼저, 이미 수집된 소리 데이터를 데이터 증폭 방법론을 이용하여 데이터를 확장 한 후, 해당 소리들의 멜 스펙트로그램 정보를 추출한다. 이를 시계열 정보 처리에 효과적인 LSTM에 적용하여 반려묘의 감정 상황을 식별할 수 있도록 학습을 수행한다. 실험 결과, 반려묘의 감정 상태 분류의 가능성을 확인하였다.

• Proceedings of the KSLP Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.201-204
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• 2003

호흡은 우리가 일상 생활에서 발화나 발성을 하는데 있어서 크기와 높낮이를 조절하는 중요한 역할을 하며 그 중에서 복식 호흡이 가장 이상적인 호흡이라 할 수 있겠다. 우리 인간이 처음 태어날 때는 복식 호흡을 가지고 태어난다. 예를 들면 갓난아이가 울 때 보면 배가 많이 움직이는 것을 볼 수 있으며 긴 시간을 울어도 울음의 소리의 변화가 거의 없다. 허나 성인이 갓난아이처럼 긴 시간을 운다면 울음소리의 변화가 온다. 이것은 우리 인간이 성장하면서 복식 호흡의 사용이 점차 줄고 흉식 호흡의 사용이 보편화되는데 그 이유는 우리 인간의 일상생활에서 복식 호흡이 크게 필요치 않기 때문이기도 하며 특히 여성의 경우는 대부분이 흉식 호흡을 사용하는데 갓난아이일 경우 남아나 여아가 복식 호흡을 사용하나 여아의 경우 성장하면서 즉 여아에서 여성으로 신체적 변화(첫 배란)가 시작되면서 호흡사용의 변화가 있지 않나 생각된다. 여성으로의 신체적 변화는 임신을 할 경우 자궁에서 태아의 성장에 자극을 피하기 위하여 흉식 호흡을 사용하며 성악도인 경우 여성이 남성보다 복식 호흡의 습득에 어려움이 있다 대부분의 여성 성악가의 경우 복식 호흡과 흉식 호흡의 중간을 사용한다. (중략)

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.592-602
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• 2022

This study aimed to check habitat distribution and analyze influencing factors by analyzing the mating calls of Auritibicen intermedius inhabiting limited locations in South Korea by applying bioacoustic detection techniques. The study sites were 20 protection areas nationwide. The mating call analysis period was 4 years from 2017 to 2021, excluding 2020. The bioacoustic recording system installed at each study site collected recordings of mating calls every day for 1 minute per hour. Climate data received from the Meteorological Agency, such as temperature, humidity, rainfall, cloudiness, and sunshine, were analyzed. The results of this study identified A. intermedius habitat only in four national parks in the highlands of Gangwon Province (Mt. Seorak, Mt. Odae, Mt. Chiak, and Mt. Taebak) out of 20 study sites. During the four years of study, the mating call period of A. intermedius was between August 5 and September 28, and the duration of the mating call was 31 to 52 days. The temperature analysis during the appearance period of A. intermedius showed that A. intermedius mainly produced mating calls at temperatures between 13.1℃ and 35.3℃, and the average temperature during the circadian cycle of mating calls (09:00 to 16:00) was 24.4 to 24.9℃. The analysis of the circadian cycle of mating calls at four study sites where A. intermedius appeared in 2019 showed that A. intermedius produced mating calls from 06:00 to 16:00 and that they peaked around 11:00 to 12:00. During the appearance period of A. intermedius, four species appeared in common: Hyalessa maculaticollis, Meimuna opalifera, Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata, and Suisha coreana. A logistic regression analysis confirmed that sunlight was the environmental factor affecting the mating call of A. intermedius. Regarding interspecific influence, it was confirmed that A. intermedius exchanged interspecific influence with 4 other common species (H. maculaticollis, M. opalifera, G. nigrofuscata, and S. coreana). The above results confirmed that A. intermedius habitats were limited in the highlands of Gangwon Province highlands in Korea and produced mating calls at a lower temperature compared to other species. These results can be used as basic data for future research on A. intermedius in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.344-352
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• 2015

This study aims to identify the difference in the starting time of the dawn chorus of different species of birds and related environmental conditions. For this study, the bird songs were recorded every 2 hours a day starting from 2 hours before sunrise for a whole spring season (from April to June, 2014) in Korea. The recorded sounds were analyzed to find the starting time of each species' song by sonogram pattern using a sound analyzing program (Adobe Audition CC). To analyze the relationship between the environmental conditions and the time of the birdsong of each species, we collected the data of environmental conditions: daily precipitation, Julian date, time of sunrise and moonrise, temperature data and twilight time from the Korea Meteorological Office. As a result of this study, it was found that there are several statistical correlation between the starting time of the birdsong and environmental conditions (every environmental condition except daily precipitation and time of moonrise). Also, the difference of the starting time among each species were identified. The species were divided into 3 groups (early, mid and late) by their wake-up time. Ring-necked pheasant and yellow-throated bunting were categorized as 'Early' group and all woodpeckers were categorized as'Late' group. This study is significant as it first presented a classification of wild birds in Korea by the starting time of their dawn chorus. However, further studies are required to identify why each species to do their dawn singing at different times.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.94-99
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• 2007

To investigate the spatial distribution and daily calling pattern of the Gold-spotted pond frog, Rana chosenica, in Chungju city and Chungwon gun, Chungbuk province, Korea, we divided the study area into 226 plots with a $2{\times}2km^2$ plot on the map, of which we assigned 32 plots for monitoring populations. Call monitoring on whether the species are present or not were conducted for 5 minutes in between sunset and the midnight from at the end of May to July in 2006. Gold-spotted pond frogs were detected at least once four out of 32 plots. Using program Presence, we obtained site occupancy rate as 0.170 which was quite low compared with other species, while detection probability was 0.66 that propose at least three times to visit the monitoring site to confirm the absence of the frogs. The frogs were actively calling from 21:00 to 02:00, and the number of calling male was significantly and highly correlated with water temperature and humidity. This study shows the present status of the Gold-spotted pond frogs in Chungju city and Chungwon gun and we suggests various effective monitoring methods based on the this study.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.267-272
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• 2012

Dental professionals are exposed to various occupational risks, among which the problem of hearing damage has been newly revealed. There have been some researches reporting that noise occurring in a dental office exceeds the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) Standards. Especially, the pediatric dentists are repeatedly exposed to an additional noise source called the crying sound of children in addition to all kinds of noises from dental instruments. Accordingly, this study intended to investigate the noise environment likely to affect pediatric dentists and to examine the possibility of resultant hearing damages. The level of noise was measured respectively, when various dental instruments (ultrasonic scaler, high-speed handpiece, low-speed handpiece) are operated, when children are crying, and when both occasions take place simultaneously (from the distance of 30 cm) with a portable noise meter. And the daily duration of pediatric dentists exposed to the noise environment was surveyed. The results were compared with the standard value of noise threshold of NIOSH, OSHA, and that of hearing damage of CRA News letter respectively. Considering the intensity and exposure time, the noise environment of pediatric dentists exceeds the allowable noise threshold values. Even only one exposure to crying child was likely to lead to permanent hearing damage. Comparatively, pediatric dentists have a higher risk for occupational hearing damages, and some active measures are thought highly desirable to minimize it.