• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.207-223
• /
• 2008

The launching of the Taepo-dong 1 on 31 August 1998 by the North Korea was the first case where the diplomatic protests was made against the flight, the purpose of which, the launching State claimed, consisted in space exploration and use. It is the principle regarding the freedom of space exploration and use, as included in the international treaty, that is relevant in applying the various rules and in defining the legal status of the flight. Its legal status, however, was not actually taken into account, as political negotiations leading to the test moratorium has been successful until present day in freezing the political crisis. This implies that the rules of the law lack the validity and logic sufficient in dictating the conduct of the States. This case shows that, in effect, it is not the rule but the politics that is to govern the status of the flight.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.111-129
• /
• 2008

Denying the legitimacy of occupying any parts of the outer space satisfied the political interests of space fairing States. 'Res communis' idea was converted into the rationale which met such political needs in the best way available. This rationale, as its roman law concept implies, is based upon ownership to things. Ownership paradigm, as discussed in this paper, may be not sufficient for applying the OST. A new paradigm may be more valuable. Diversified type of the right to use would be best available one. Space commercialization should be understood in social and economical dimension, which is too diverse and important for space lawyers, especially adhering to ownership paradigm, to deal with. It is mature to admit that res communis rationale operated for 40 years is not sufficiently refined to foster the advent and benefit expected from space commercialization. Diversified type of right to use is to be taken into account seriously, as workable paradigm provided by other social science.

• Defense and Technology
• /
• no.1 s.131
• /
• pp.6-13
• /
• 1990

지상 수백km정도의 고도밖에는 왕복할수 없는 현재의 제한된 우주수송능력은 비교적 가까운 우주공간에서 화물을 운반하고 작업을 하는 궤도기동체(OMV)와 우주공간의 어느 곳, 어떤 궤도에도 왕래하는 우주전이비행체(STV)를 필요로 하고 있다. 이들은 재래식 화학로켓을 개량한 진보형 추진시스템을 1차적으로 활용하는 방향으로 개발이 진행되고 있다. 우주와 지구사이를 비교적 경제적으로 용이하게 왕래하고 우주공간에서 자유로이 기동작동하는 추진시스템이 완성되면, 인류의 우주개척은 본궤도에 오르게 되며, 생활권을 우주로 옮기는 날도 가까워질 것이다

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.247-276
• /
• 2017

The protection of space asset has been new major cause of space militarization. For such purpose, it has been officially announced that a policy of deterring and denying any adversaries from accessing the outer space. Space militarization is to be conversed into a new concept of space weaponization. The USA has announced its policy of space weaponization, while China and Russia have not revealed their plan or policy. Latter States, however, have proposed a draft treaty limiting the deployment of warfare in the outer space. The terms of the Outer Space Treaty, reflecting three significant United Nations General Assembly resolutions from the 1960s, support the position that ground rules must be observed in the exploration and the use of outer space, particularly in the absence of specific space law rules. Yet the combination (and culmination) of these two approaches to the legal regulation of outer space-specific rules as and when agreed by the international community and the translation of principles developed for terrestrial regulation to outer space-still leaves much room for uncertainty and exploitation for military and strategic purposes. As space weaponization may contribute to deterring the use of weapon, it may be not against the UN Charter Article 2(4). If space weaponization might generate the space debris such that the outer space is no more available for exploration and use, it is against the proportionality principle and discrimination principle enshrined in the laws of the war. But, if the limitation upon the kind and use of space weaponization is agreed among the States, then the space weaponization may not be against the laws of the war, and be considered permissible within the rationale of limited war.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.107-115
• /
• 2017

우리가 살아가는데 있어서 기상 정보는 없어서는 안 될 중요한 정보 중 하나이다. 과학 기술이 발전됨에 따라 인류의 활동 범위는 지구를 넘어서 우주 공간까지 확대되었는데, 이로 인해 우주 공간에서의 기상 정보와 같은 우주기상에 대한 정보가 필요하게 되었다. 우주기상은 태양으로 인해 형성되는 태양과 지구 사이의 공간에서의 전자기적 변화를 일컫는 말로, 우주 시대에 접어들면서 이에 관한 관심이 급격하게 증대되고 있다. 본고에서는 국내외 우주기상 자료 및 서비스 현황을 소개한다.

• 핵융합뉴스레터
• /
• s.42
• /
• pp.15-15
• /
• 2009

우리나라 최초의 위성 '우리별 1호'가 떠있는 곳, 지상에서 1,300km 상공의 우주는 '고진공' 상태이다. '진공'이라 함은 보통 아무것도 없는 공간을 말하지만 실제로 우주에서조차도 입자가 전혀 없는 절대진공 상태는 불가능하다. 단지 공간 안에 포함되어 있는 기체분자의 수에 따라 진공을 구분하게 되는데 '우리별 1호'가 있는 우주공간은 10$^{-9}$mbar의 고진공 상태이다. 그렇다면 지구에서도 이런 우주의 진공도를 구현해 낼 수 있을까?

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.10 no.6
• /
• pp.131-136
• /
• 2024

As the Russo-Japanese War and the Li-Xia War demonstrate, influence in space is increasingly being exercised militarily rather than peacefully. In the era of Newspace, not only states but also private companies have emerged as actors in space warfare. Although international law stipulates that outer space is to be used for peaceful purposes, it is imperative for the survival and prosperity of the nation to establish a national security policy regarding the dangers and threats that arise from outer space, as military use is clear. Threats that may occur in the space domain can be divided into kinetic and non-kinetic threats. Kinetic threats include anti-satellite missiles, collisions between space satellites and debris, and laser attack weapons. Non-kinetic threats include electronic and cyberattacks, and space radiation. A space strategy that is harmonious and balanced is needed to avoid imbalances in policies to respond to risks and threats in space. From a national security perspective, it was suggested to develop independent space assets, expand space assets to the private sector, and prepare for space wars.

• Bulletin of the Korean Space Science Society
• /
• 2004.04a
• /
• pp.48-48
• /
• 2004

국제우주정거장 (International Space Station; ISS) 프로그램을 통하여 미국을 비롯한 15개 참여 국가들은 우주공간의 과학 연구 및 산업적 활용을 위한 전초기지를 만들어 나가고 있다. ISS에는 미세중력 (Microgravity) 환경을 이용하여 각종 실험을 수행하기 위한 공간으로 총 6개의 가압모듈 (Pressurized Module; PM)이 설치되었거나 설치될 예정이다. 현재 설치되어 있는 PM으로는 2001년 2월 ISS에 부착된 미국 NASA의 Destiny 실험모듈이 있으며, 향후 미국의 Centrifuge Accommodation Module (CAM), 일본의 Japanese Experiment Module- Pressurized Module (JEM-PM), 유럽연합의 Columbus Module, 러시아의 Research Module 등이 설치될 예정이다. (중략)

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
• /
• v.145
• /
• pp.195-215
• /
• 2018

Plato said that our cosmos was created from the union of nous and $anank{\bar{e}}$ in Timaeus. In addition to this, 'the third kind', namely $ch{\bar{o}}ra$, exists already with genesis before the birth of the cosmos. Plato explains this $ch{\bar{o}}ra$ with several metaphors. That is, 'receptacle', 'mother', 'gold', 'space', 'place' etc. From Aristotle to contemporary scholars, generally three types of interpretations are presented. First, $ch{\bar{o}}ra$ is a kind of a 'void.' Secondly, $ch{\bar{o}}ra$ is Aristotle's $prot{\bar{e}}$ $hyl{\bar{e}}$. Thirdly, $ch{\bar{o}}ra$ has two aspects of space and matter. I will accept the third opinion. Plato's $ch{\bar{o}}ra$ has both a spatial aspect and material aspect. $Ch{\bar{o}}ra$ is a place that accommodates all sensible things in itself. On the other hand, $ch{\bar{o}}ra$ seems to be a mother who nourishes sensible things like a child. In this, Plato lacks a logical consistency. The research of $ch{\bar{o}}ra$ can not deviate from the limits of $eik{\bar{o}}s$ logos.

• Satellite Communications and Space Industry
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.83-92
• /
• 1994

Outer Space is existing as the opening-up frontier. The space activities included benefit-and-risk are now confronted with the challenge of arriving at just and effective rules for the use of space serving many technical, practical and conflicting legal, economic, political and military interests. Therefore many governments have developed domestic and international policies to respond to the opportunities and constraints engendered by space exploration and exploitation. the challenges of outer space toward the 21st century are being internationalized, commercialized, and privatized, militarized through the international cooperation and competition in space activities. For the future of mankind, futhermore the right to live of humankind, we must be positively interested in international space law which may give rise to international repercussions. I suggeste that many issues be resolved by international coordinating organization.