• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.4049-4054
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• 2011

A new compound, kalopanaxin F (3), and 11 known compounds (1, 2, 4-12), were isolated from the stem bark of Kalopanax pictus. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic methods. Five of the compounds (2, 3, 5, 6, and 12) significantly inhibited $TNF{\alpha}$-induced NF-${\kappa}B$ transcriptional activity in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with $IC_{50}$ values ranging from 6.2 to 9.1 ${\mu}M$. Furthermore, the transcriptional inhibitory function of these compounds was confirmed based on decreases in COX-2 and iNOS gene expression in HepG2 cells. Compounds 3-7, 9, and 12 significantly activated the transcriptional activity of PPARs dose-dependently, with $EC_{50}$ values ranging from 4.1-$12.7{\mu}M$. Compounds 4 and 5 exhibited $PPAR{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$, and $PPAR{\beta}({\delta})$ transactivational activities in a dose-dependent manner, with $EC_{50}$ values of 16.0 and 17.0, 8.7 and 16.5, 26.2 and 26.3 ${\mu}M$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.304-313
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• 1998

Foliar retention of pyribenzoxim (1% EC) was measured using the fluorescent dye rhodamine B, and related to efficacy and phytotoxicity to barnyardgarss (Echinochloa crusgalli) and rice (Oryza sativa cv. Chucheong), respectively. Effects of nozzle types (8002E flat-fan and disk-type), addition of adjuvant, variation of herbicide concentration or spray volume were compared. In barnyardgrass, foliar retention of pyribenzoxim at a recommended condition (application rate : 30g ai/ha, spray volume : 1000 L/ha) was 2.3 to 2.7 or 1.4 to $1.5{\mu}g$ ai/g fresh foliage when sprayed using the disk-type nozzle with or without adjuvant, respectively, and 0.6 to 0.7 or 0.3 to $0.5{\mu}g$ ai/g fresh foliage when sprayed using the flat-fan nozzle with or without adjuvant, respectively. The slope of increase in foliar retention was 1.0 to 1.8 when application rates increased from 10 to 60g ai/ha at 1000 L/ha, while that was 1.6 to 2.4 when spray volume increased from 330 to 2000 L/ha at $30{\mu}g$ ai/L concentration. Foliar retention of pyribenzoxim had a close relationship with herbicidal activity; regardless of spray conditions, retention to provide 90% control was about $0.8{\mu}g$ ai/g fresh foliage, and below this retention amount, efficacy decreased almost linearly. In rice, foliar retention at the recommended condition was 1.9 to 2.3 or 1.2 to $1.3{\mu}g$ ai/g fresh foliage when sprayed using the disk-type nozzle with or without adjuvant, respectively, and 0.6 to 0.9 or $0.3{\mu}g$ ai/g fresh foliage when sprayed using the flat-fan nozzle with or without adjuvant, respectively. The slope of increase in foliar retention was 1.0 to 2.8 when application rates increased from 30 to 120g ai/ha at 1000 L/ha, while that was 1.3 to 4.4 when spray volume increased from 1000 to 4000 L/ha at $30{\mu}g$ ai/L concentration. Despite the great difference in retention, rice phytotoxicity was not observed in any of these spray conditions, suggesting retention differences within 4-fold increase of application rate or spray volume do not affect rice safety. When pyribenzoxim 1EC was sprayed in tank-mix with several other commercial pesticide formulations, its retention to rice foliage tended to increase by 30 to 50%.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.98-109
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• 2012

The properties of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27, LDH) and expression of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) 1, 2, and 4 were studied in tissues from Micropterus salmoides. Native-PAGE revealed that the LDH $A_4$ isozyme was predominantly located in skeletal muscle. The LDH $A_4$, $A_2B_2$, and $B_4$ isozymes were detected in heart, liver, eye, and brain tissues, while eye-specific $C_4$ isozyme was detected in eye tissue. In September, strong LDH $B_4$ isozyme activity was detected in heart tissue. High $A_4$ isozyme activity was noted in all other tissues except heart tissue. However, in November, strong $A_4$ isozyme activity was detected in heart tissue. The LDH/CS (Citrate synthase, EC 4.1.3.7) ratio in skeletal muscle and heart tissues indicated that anaerobic metabolism was high in those tissues. Native-PAGE after immunoprecipitation showed that eye-specific $C_4$ isozyme was more similar to the $A_4$ than the $B_4$ isozyme. The LDH $A_4$ isozyme was purified by affinity chromatography. The molecular weight of subunit A was 37,200. The LDH activity in tissues was consistently 11.05~28.32% due to inhibition by 10 mM pyruvate. The $K_m^{PYR}$ of LDH in eye tissue was very low. The optimum pH for LDH in tissues was pH 7.5~8.0. The LDH $A_4$ isozyme was detected in mitochondria of skeletal muscle, whereas the $B_4$ and $A_2B_2$ isozymes were detected in heart tissue mitochondria. Western blot analysis indicated that MCTs 1, 2, and 4 were located in the plasma membrane and mitochondria of skeletal muscle and heart tissues. The sizes of MCTs 1, 2, and 4 in skeletal muscle were 60, 54~38, and 63 kDa, while those in heart tissue were 57, 54~38, and 55.5 kDa, respectively. In conclusion, M. salmoides appears to use anaerobic metabolism predominantly when adapted to a hypoxic environment. In highly activated skeletal muscle and heart tissue, energy production is controlled by inward and outward flows of pyruvate and lactate through MCTs 1, 2, and 4 in the plasma membrane and mitochondria, with effective adjustment by LDH isozymes.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.184-188
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• 2015

There is a need for light weight and high stiffness characteristics in the building structure as well as aircraft and cars. So fiber reinforced plastic with the addition of reinforcing agent such as glass fiber, carbon fiber, aramid fiber is utilized in this regard. In this study, mechanical strength, flow property and part shrinkage of glass fiber and carbon fiber reinforced PA6 were examined according to reinforcement content such as 10%, 20%, and 30%, and reinforcement type. The mechanical property was measured by a tensile test with specimen fabricated by injection molding and the flow property was measured by spiral test. In addition, we measured the part shrinkage of fiber reinforced PA6 that affects part quality. As glass fiber content increases, mechanical property increased by 75.4 to 182%, and flow property decreased by 18.9 to 39.5%. And part shrinkage decreased by 52.9 to 60.8% in the flow direction, and decreased by 48.2 to 58.1% in the perpendicular to the flow direction. As carbon fiber content increases, mechanical property increased by 180 to 276%, flow property decreased by 26.8 to 42.8%, and part shrinkage decreased by 65.0 to 71.8% and 69.5 to 72.7% in the flow direction and the direction perpendicular to the flow respectively.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.18
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• pp.8227-8233
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• 2016

Background: To investigate polymorphisms in heat shock proteins A1B and A1L (HOM) and associated risk of oesophageal carcinoma in Northeast India. Materials and Methods: The study includes oesophageal cancer (ECA) patients attending general outpatient department (OPD) and endoscopic unit of Gauhati Medical College. Patients were diagnosed based on endoscopic and histopathological findings. Genomic DNA was typed for HSPA1B1267 and HSPA1L2437 SNPs using the polymerase chain reaction with restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Results: A total of 78 cases and 100 age-sex matched healthy controls were included in the study with a male: female ratio of 5:3 and a mean age of $61.4{\pm}8.5years$. Clinico-pathological evaluation showed 84% had squamous cell carcinoma and 16% were adenocarcinoma. Dysphagia grades 4 (43.5%) and 5 (37.1%) were observed by endoscopic and hispathological evaluation. The frequency of genomic variation of A1B from wild type A/A to heterozygous A/G and mutant G/G showed a positive association [chi sq=19.9, p=<0.05] and the allelic frequency also showed a significant correlation [chi sq=10.3, with cases vs. controls, OR=0.32, $p{\leq}0.05$]. The genomic variation of A1L from wild T/T to heterozygous T/C and mutant C/C were found positively associated [chi sq=7.02, p<0.05] with development of ECA. While analyzing the allelic frequency, there was no significant association [chi sq=3.19, OR=0.49, p=0.07]. Among all the risk factors, betel quid [OR=9.79, Chi square=35.0, p<0.05], tobacco [OR=2.95, chi square=10.6, p<0.05], smoking [OR=3.23, chi square=10.1, p<0.05] demonstrated significant differences between consumers vs. non consumers regarding EC development. Alcohol did not show any significant association [OR=1.34, chi square=0.69, p=0.4] independently. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the present study provides marked evidence that polymorphisms of HSP70 A1B and HSP70 A1L genes are associated with the development of ECA in a population in Northeast India, A1B having a stronger influence. Betel quid consumption was found to be a highly significant risk factor, followed by smoking and tobacco chewing. Although alcohol was not a potent risk factor independently, alcohol consumption along with tobacco, smoking and betel nut was found to contribute to development of ECA.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.1105-1112
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to examine the metabolic adjustment of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27, LDH) isozymes to the environmental temperature in bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). This study included three groups of bluegill collected in April (group Ⅰ), May (group Ⅱ), and September (group Ⅲ). The LDH activities of skeletal muscle, heart, and brain tissues were higher in group Ⅲ than in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ. The citrate synthase (EC 4.1.3.7, CS) activity was higher in skeletal muscle but lower in heart and brain tissues of group Ⅱ as compared to group Ⅰ. In contrast, the CS activity was lower in skeletal muscle and higher in heart and brain tissues in group Ⅲ than in group Ⅱ. Furthermore, the LDH/CS activity ratio was higher in the skeletal muscle and brain in group Ⅲ than in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ. Accordingly, anaerobic metabolism was increased in group Ⅲ. LDH A₄, A₂B₂, and B₄ isozymes were expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, liver, and brain tissues. The LDH C hybrid was detected in brain tissue. The LDH A₄ isozyme was successfully purified by affinity chromatography. The molecular weight of the purified LDH A₄ isozyme was 136 kDa and its optimal pH for enzymatic activity was 8.0. The K_m^PYR values of LDH in skeletal muscle were 0.161-0.227 mM using pyruvate as a substrate. These kinetic properties of LDH in skeletal muscle are consistent with the fact that bluegill is a cold-adapted species. These results may be useful for predicting the habitat use of this fish.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.713-716
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• 2014

Objective: Connections between chronic inflammation and tumor development and progression are now generally accepted. Recent evidence indicates that hepatitis B is associated with several types of cancer, but whether endometrial carcinoma (EC) is included has not been reported. Methods: We analyzed HBV serum marker status in 398 patients with endometrial cancer, comparing them to 788 control women undergoing health examination. Results: The total prevalence of HBsAg tested positive in cancer group was significantly higher than the control group (12.8% vs 6.0%, P=0.001), while positive HBsAb was significantly lower (41.2% vs 68.5%, P=0.001). Hepatitis B carriers in endometrial cancer group were also more frequent than in the control group (9.3% vs 5.5%, P=0.013). Interestingly, in the endometrial cancer group, 147 cases were HBV serum marker negative, which was also higher than in the control group (36.9% vs 15.6%, P=0.001). Conclusion: There may be a correlation between HBV infection and endometrial carcinoma.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.389-394
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• 2006

The change of antioxidative character by germination of brown rice was evaluated. From the total methanolic extract of brown rice, 2.5 mm-germinated brown rice, and 5 mm-germinated brown rice, SOD-like activity and nitrite scavenging ability were identified as antioxidative character. SOD-like activities and nitrite scavenging abilities of all samples were changed dose-dependently and germination-dependently. After successive partitioning with hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and water, each fraction was tested for these activities. SOD-like activities of all fractions were increased by germination, and especially hexane fraction and EtOAc fraction of 5 mm-germinated brown rice had more strong activities than 50 ppm vitamin C. The $EC_{50}$ values of SOD-like activity showed a gradual decrease by germination and that of EtOAc fraction of 5 mm-germinated brown rice was 17 ppm, which was lower concentration than that of 50 ppm vitamin C. The $IC_{50}$ values of nitrite scavenging ability at PH 1.5 also underwent a great decrease by germination and germinated brown rice had the nitrite scavenging ability at lower concentration than brown rice. The results suggest that SOD-like activity and nitrite scavenging ability are thought to be enhanced by the germination effect.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2011

Effect of organo nanoclay (Cloisite 30B) on the polyesterification of adipic acid (AA) with diethylene glycol(DEG) was investigated with p-toluene sulfonic acid (p-TSA) (Br${\phi}$nsted acid) and butylchlorotin dihydroxide (Lewis acid) catalyst at 383 and 423 K. The initial [OH]/[COOH] molar ratio was two and the concentration of the catalysts in the reactants was 0.14 mol% based on the total reactants. The kinetics of the polyesterification was interpreted with the conversion data that was calculated from the acid values of the reactant-product mixture. The reaction rate of the polyesterification, which was catalyzed with p-TSA, exhibited the second-order dependency on AA concentration. When Butylchlorotin dihydroxide was used, the reaction rate revealed the first-order dependency on AA concentration. The activation energy of the reactions catalyzed with p-TSA and Butylchlorotin dihydroxide were calculated at 42.2 and 63.8 kJ/mol, respectively. Addition of 5 wt% Cloisite 30B to the reactant significantly diminished the activity of p-TSA, so the reaction rate decreased and the activation energy was calculated at 72.9 kJ/mol. Butylchlorotin dihydroxide catalyst maintained its activity regardless of the addition of Cloisite 30B to the reactant and the activation energy was calculated to 61.8 kJ/mol. Lewis acid catalyst, butylchlorotin dihydroxide, was more effective than Br${\phi}$nsted acid catalyst for the esterification of AA with DEG.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.161-167
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the resistance of Botrytis cinerea to azoxystrobin, which belongs to strobilurin fungicides. The sensitivity of B. cinerea isolates, which were collected from infected pepper, strawberry, cucumber and tomato by a single spore isolation, to the fungicide was tested through a agar dilution method on PDA amended with fungicides and $100{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ of salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM). All isolates of B. cinerea tested in this study were classified as a sensitive and a resistant group by $1.0{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ of $EC_{50}$ value to azoxystrobin. While the sensitive isolates accounted for 46.5% of B. cinerea population, the resistant ones did for 53.5%. According to the regions isolating B. cinerea, the highest isolation frequency was showed as 81.1% in Chungnam among the all. Among 4 host plants as pepper, strawberry, cucumber and tomato, the highest isolation frequency was obtained in strawberry, while the lowest was done in pepper. The isolate resistant to azoxystrobin showed the cross resistance to other fungicides included into strobilurins as kresoxim-methyl and trifloxystrobin. In spite of an excellent efficacy of strobilurins, it should be taken care to use them in the field, because of the high risk in the fields.