• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2005

Background: An epidural steroid injection (ESI) is usually used for the treatment of low back pain with radiculopathy. An ESI can be performed by two procedures: I) a lumbar or caudal epidural steroid injection and II) a transforaminal epidural steroid injection. Methods: Ninety-three patients, who had undergone transforaminal epidural steroid injection (Group II), and either a lumbar or caudal epidural steroid injection (Group I), were retrospectively studied. The authors assessed the pain, walking, standing improvement and side effects after each procedure, which were evaluated as being very good, good, fair or poor. Data were collected from the patients medical records and analyzed using the chi-squared test. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the pain, walking, standing improvement and side effects between the two groups. However, there was a statistically significant difference in the pain improvement following transforaminal epidural steroid injection in those not effectively responding to an initial lumbar or caudal epidural block in Group II. Conclusions: A transforaminal epidural steroid injection is a useful alternative to a lumbar or caudal epidural steroid injection for low back pain with radiculopathy.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.5-28
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• 2001

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate analysis of bone mineral density according to Women with low back pain women. Methods: The data were collected from women who visited Physical Examination Center of a Catholic university hospital located in Daegu. Questionnaires were completed by 50 women during the period from July 20, 2000 to January 12, 2001. The sample was divided into three groups(the normal group of 16 cases and the osteopenia group of 12cases and the osteoporosis group of 22 cases). Bone mineral density(BMD) of lumbar spine was measured using energy absorptiometry. Results: The bone mineral density of the lumbar spine decreased with aging. The bone mineral density of the lumbar spine decreased with the serum Calcium and Phosphorus and Alkaline phosphatase increased. The mean bone mineral density of the lumbar spine of healthy women in age(50~59) was 0.87g/$cm^2$, the lumbar spine of women with low back pain in age(50~59) was 0.77g/$cm^2$. In the multiple regression of risk factors to bone mineral density(BMD) of lumbar spine were correlated with age, marriage existence, exercise time, the loving food of taste, calcium, bone mineral density standard T scores(p<0.05). The experience for LBP increased as weight increased(Odds ratio=999.000). The experience for LBP increased as number of Exercise decreased(Odds ratio=999.000). The experience for LBP increased as menopause existence increased(Odds ratio=999.000). The experience for LBP increased as serum Calcium and Phosphorus increased (Odds ratio=999.000). however all four variables had significant no relationship. The correlation in variables in relation to low back pain and bone mineral density, age showed contra-correlation with low back pain existence, Alkaline phosphatase(p<0.01). Weight showed contra-correlation with body mass index(BMI)(p<0.01). Exercise time showed correlation with number of exercise(p<0.01). The loving food of taste showed contra-correlation with Alkaline phosphatase(p<0.05). Bone mineral density showed correlation with menopause existence(p<0.05). Conclusions: Results from this study indicated that a statistically significant association between bone mineral density of the lumbar spin and age, marriage existence, exercise time, the loving food of taste, calcium, bone mineral density standard T scores. In logistic regression test, there were no related variables. The combination of bone mineral density measurement and assessment of the bone turnover rate by measuring biochemical would be helpful for the treatment of patients with risks of osteoporosis. The more precise study for risk factors to osteoporosis is essential.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.3781-3788
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• 2014

This study examined the age-related bone mineral density (BMD), accumulated bone loss rate (ABLR) at different skeletal sites in Korean men using the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES)(the 1st (2010), 2nd (2010) and the year at the 5th survey). The cubic regression model was found to be the best for describing the age-related changes in BMD. The lumbar spine, total hip, femoral neck, trochanter, Ward's triangle in the bone mineral density difference were analyzed by ANOVA. The peak BMD was at 20-24 years at the lumbar spine, total hip, femoral neck, trochanter, Ward's triangle, and the 75-79 years of age group had the highest Accumulated Bone Loss Rate. Therefore, intensive management will be necessary for men over 75 years, and a diagnosis of osteoporosis in Korean men should be made according to The International Society for Clinical Densitometry; ISCD.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.203-207
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• 2007

Inguinal hernia repair can result in paresthesia and/or pain in the inguinal region. Pharmacological and surgical management often yield inconsistent results associated with considerable risks and side effects. Radiofrequency thermocoagulation (RF) is a neuro-destructive treatment for severe pain, but associated with hypoesthesia, neuritis-like reactions, and occasional neuroma formation. Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF), unlike RF, delivers high intensity currents in pulses, is non-neurodestructive, and therefore less painful, without the potential complications. Here we report on PRF in chronic postoperative inguinal pain. A 23-year-old male who received right inguinal hernia repair and complained of right sided groin pain for approximately 10 years underwent PRF at the L1 and L2 dorsal root ganglia (DRG). He then reported a decrease in pain from 80-90/100 mm to 15-30/100 mm on a visual analogue scale (VAS), which lasted for twelve months.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 2022

Objectives This study aimed to report the effects of giant cell tumor treatment to a patient who had cervical and lumbar pain and hypoesthesia of the limbs after total spondylectomy with Korean medicine. Methods A 67-year-old female patient with cervical and lumbar pain and hypoesthesia of the limbs after total spondylectomy was treated with herbal medicine (Cheongpa-jeon, Yukkongbaro-hwa), acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, and physical therapy for 36 days. The effects were evaluated using a numerical rating scale (NRS), Neck Disability Index (NDI), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and EuroQoL-5D (EQ-5D). Results After treatment, changes were observed in the patient's pain and hypoesthesia. NRS, NDI, ODI, and EQ-5D scores decreased. Conclusions This case study suggests that Korean medicine treatment may be effective for symptomatic treatment in patients with giant cell tumor following total spondylectomy.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.407-417
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to determine whether change of the lumbar intervertebral disc diameters and size is a risk factor for development of lumbar disc lesion and this changes are associated with aging. The L4-5 and L5-S1 intervertebral disc diameters and size were measured in 50 normal subjects and 50 low back pain patients in the age range $20{\sim}60$ by MRI. The data were analysed with independent t-test to differentiation between normal subjects and low back patients. We also analysed with one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation and simple linear regression to differentiate between different age ranges. This study has shown that older subjects of both normal and low back pain patients have significantly larger transverse diameters and sizes of the L4-5 and L5-S1 intervertebral disc, compared with those of younger subjects. In addition, low back pain patients's disc sizes were larger than normal subjects but there was statistically no significant difference. The measurement of the intervertebral disc size can be considered as a clinically useful method for diagnosis of the low back pain and aging of the intervertebral disc. However, further study should be conducted to establish normal value of intervertebral disc size on large number of subjects.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.1-9
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• 2009

목적 : 한양방 협진을 통한 보존적 입원 치료를 받은 급성 흉요추 압박골절 환자군에서의 압박골절 compression ratio의 급성기 내의 변화를 기록 분석하여 차후 환자군의 예후를 예측하고자 하였다. 방법 : 한양방 협진병원 척추센터에 입원하여 보존치료를 시행한 발병 2주 내의 압박골절 환자 중 2회 이상의 시점에서 압박골절 부위의 측면 X-ray 영상이 있는 환자 16명의 기록을 수집하였다. X-ray상 급성 압박골절이 발생한 추체(n=19)의 anterior wall과 posterior wall의 높이를 입원 1주차, 입원 2주차, 입원 3주차와 최종 영상 확보 시점의 X-ray에서 측정해 wedge fracture에 해당하는 anterior column fracture가 있는 추체(n=14)에 한해 anterior height/posterior height의 공식을 통해 compression ratio를 산출하였다. 2차적 지표로 입원 1주차에서 입원 3주차까지 환자의 VAS(visual analog scale) 통증 척도 점수를 분석하였다. 그 외 연령, 성별, 입원 기간, 총 치료기간, 당뇨, 골다공증, 골밀도, 압박골절 기왕력, 압박골절의 형태의 빈도와 비율을 분석하였다. 결과 : 1. 전방 골주 단독 골절에서의 compression ratio는 입원 1주차에서 3주차, 그리고 최종 영상 확보시점까지 각각 20.92${\pm}$10.42, 25.22${\pm}$10.90, 25.57${\pm}$11.04, 25.07${\pm}$11.94로 기록되었다. 시점간에는 통계적으로 유의한 compression ratio의 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 2. 통증 VAS 점수 평균은 입원 1주차부터 3주차까지 각각 7.44${\pm}$2.07, 4.67${\pm}$1.63, 3.00${\pm}$1.80으로 기록되었다. 시점간 모두 통계적으로 유의한 감소가 있었다(1주차-2주차 p=.003, 1주차-3주차 p<.000 2주차-3주차 p=0.021). 결론 : 본 연구의 협진 입원치료 압박골절의 compression ratio는 입원 1주차 시점에서 최종 follow-up 시점까지 유의한 차이를 보일 만큼의 추가적인 추체 높이 감소를 보이지 않아 향후 좋은 예후를 예상할 수 있다. 통증 VAS 점수는 모든 주별 시점간에서 유의하게 감소되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.161-167
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• 2001

Purpose: Bone scintigraphy with $^{99m}Tc$-labeled phosphates is one of the most common procedures in evaluation of various skeletal disorders. Metabolic bone diseases show involvement of the whole skeleton and are associated with increased bone turnover and increased uptake of $^{99m}Tc$-labeled phosphates. In this study, we investigated apparently normal women who were examined with routine bone scintigraphy applied bone densitometry to correlate it with skeletal uptake in bone scan. Materials and Methods: This study includes 79 women who were performed both of bone mineral density(BMD) and bone scintigraphy. We investigated the relation of bone scan findings and BMD of lumbar, femur, radius. Results: Regional BMD were negatively correlated with increased age. Among the bone scintigraphy findings representing metabolic bone disease, uptakes by the long bones, skull and mandible increased with age in women, while that in the costochondral junction decreased. Increased skull and mandible uptakes is associated with decreased BMD, and it has statistically significance. Conclusion: Our results show that increased radionuclide uptake in bone scintigraphy, especially skull and mandible uptake was associated with decreased lumbar, femur BMD in women. So that, increased skull and mandible uptake in women would be a scintigraphic sign of osteopenia of osteoporosis.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the indirect estimation of the lumbar intervertebral disc size by two anthropometric methods(Colombini's method and Turk and Celan's method), in order to compare these indirect methods with the direct analysis by computed tomography(CT). The wrist, elbow, knee and ankle joint(right side) diameters were measured in 52 normal volunteers and intervertebral disc sizes were measured in 50 normal subjects by CT. Then the intervertebral disc sizes were calculated using two anthropometric formula. The data were analysed with ANOVA to differentiation between indirect and direct estimation of the lumbar intervertebral disc sizes. This study shows that male subjects have significantly larger L4-5 and L5-S1 intervertebral disc sizes than female subjects. In addition, disc sizes calculated by Colombini's formula were significantly larger than Turk & Celan's formula but there was no significant differences in the compared Turk & Celan's estimation with CT values. The indirect estimation of the intervertebral disc size by Turk & Celan's formula can be considered as a clinically useful method. However, further study should be conducted to compare anthropometric values according to age.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.604-608
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• 2000

Objective : The purpose of this non randomized prospective study was to verify the effect of pain control in small doses of epidural morphine and bupivacaine through continuous infusion for 48 hours. Patients and Methods : Thirty-five patients who underwent spine surgery including laminectomy, fusion with fixation were assigned into two groups ; pain control group(n＝20) and control group(n＝15). Pain score was measured on a visual analogue scale(VAS). A continuous infusor was used to give morphine and bupivacaine continuously via indwelling epidural catheter which was placed before closure of muscles in pain control group. Results : Mean scores(VAS) of pain control group were between 1.3 and 2.1 from the 30 min to the 72 hour, but the lowest mean score in the control group was about 2.6 at the 72 hour. Although a number of extra-analgesics were used in control group, differences of mean scores were statistically significant till 24 hour in pain control group. The patients in pain control group was less painful than the patients in control group from 24 hour till 72 hour, but it was statistically insignificant. There were some side effects such as nausea/vomiting, pruritus, urinary retention which existed transiently, but there was no respiratory depression. Conclusion : It was concluded that the early postoperative pain can be easily and safely controlled with continuous infusion of epidural morphine and bupivacaine in small doses.