• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.40
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• pp.73-104
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• 2007

Centering around ruins recognized of being relatively early stage related to flat tile and brick, excavated in Silla capital area, the study attempted elementary approach to seek the appearance time of every remain through comparing them from the excavated cases and production methods of Short beating, Medium beating plate, Long beating plate and Stamped-roof tile. Gyeongju began to use the short beating plate made of tile-less plates or tile plate and increased its quantity. That is deemed to be due to efficiency of beating plate making methods, and moreover to be limited only for use in the palace castle and offices. That is, making short beating plates is presumed to be made merely under some definite objectives. Medium beating plate has been spread to the whole country since Silla and Baekje united. Differently from Koguryo and Baekje, Silla had its unique Beating-plates making technology available for mass-production, which was spread to the whole country and resulted in disappearing of Koguryo and Baekje technology. Long beating plate was not nearly founded in Gyeongju area, but flat tile and common tile excavated in Sachunwang Temple site and Samrang Temple 3rd remains are known. In the outskirts of Gyeongju, long beating plate appeared between the latter half of 8C and the beginning of 9C. Until now, different views have raised to appearance of long beating plate of Unified Silla, which is expected to be clarified under the situation excavated by position relations. Stamped-roof title in Gyeongju is estimated as used after the datum point year 679. While in Baekje area, five stems and branches were involved, in Silla area, code or sign was shown much. The difference between two areas would be due to each other factory, and especially the marked contents werenot letters, which means it had been changed from Baekje s existing-methods. That is, it says the production environment changed owing to Silla's merging. And stamped-roof tile was temporarily used in Gyeongju but soon disappeared, which was because Silla beating plates made under cylinder-shaped tile barrel(圓筒瓦桶) and hitting-pressing of Medium beating plate had beenspread to the whole country, so the production technology of Koguryo and Baekje was naturally dismissed. In consequence, the mergence by Silla brought about unification of each nation's special technology.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.21-26
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to retrospect the establishment process of specification of modern factory-made traditional Korean roof-tile. Its another purpose is to analyze the specification of watong(瓦桶, a wooden molding frame for roof tile making) which is recorded in the literature of Joseon dynasty. The results of this study are as follows. : First, the specification of modern factory-made Korean roof-tile that currently used was established in 1978. And it did not succeed old traditional specification. Second, in case of construction or repair of main building of palace, it was a principle to use Daewa(大瓦, the big size roof-tile). And Sangwa(常瓦, the ordinary size roof-tile) was used when needed. Also, Jungwa(中瓦, the middle size roof-tile) was used regardless of the size of group building. And Sowa(小瓦, the small size roof-tile) was used in house and wall of royal tomb. Third, it is needed to establish a specification of traditional handmade roof-tile based on the specification of watong through research of the litterateur. So, a standard draft for this was proposed. Finally, one can find the significance that this study has tried to find a specification of traditional roof-tile that can be applied to construction or repair of cultural heritage.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.315-325
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• 2020

The Daetongsa temple is the earliest temple to be constructed during the era of the Three Kingdoms in ancient Korea. The main architect, purpose, and name of the temple have been confirmed through ancient literature and archeological materials carved in the Chinese letter, Daetong, excavated around Gongju. However, the location and range of the temple have remained elusive and were discussed in various studies. In this study, we examine the roof tiles obtained from the presumed site of the Daetongsa temple. The tiles were found to contain traces of red paint (red pigments) on their surface and analyzed using nondestructive techniques. The results imply that roof tiles were made using clay tablets and wooden cylinders, with latticed cloth in between. Additionally, some wooden cylinders appeared to comprise numerous wooden plates tied together by strings. The clay tablets used to make the roof tiles were produced from the source clay via the sorting process. The traces of red paint on the surface of the roof tiles were verified to be traditional pigments used for painting wooden buildings. These pigments were extracted from red ocher or red clay (Seokganju), mainly consisting of iron oxide. In the literature, the location of provenance sites for Seokganju is estimated to be far from Gongju. However, the materials for extracting the red pigments were relatively easy to source because most rocks comprised iron oxides. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss the provenance of the red pigments around the presumed site of Daetongsa.