• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.43-56
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• 2019

Irrigated and flooded rice paddy contributes to the greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) that affect climate. This in turn affects the supply and reliability of the water needed for rice production. This dynamic makes current rice production methods foreseeably less sustainable over time while having other undesirable effects. Intermittent irrigation by a means of the system of rice intensification (SRI) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) methods was reviewed to reduce global warming potential (GWP) from 29% to 90% depending on site-specific characteristics from flooded rice paddy and analyzed to be a promising option for enhancing the productivity of water as well, an increasingly constraining resource. Additional benefits associated with the SRI/AWD can be less arsenic in the grain and less degradation of water quality in the run-off from rice paddies. Adoption and expansion of intermittent irrigation of SRI/AWD may require costly public and private investments in irrigation infrastructure that can precisely make irrigation control, and the involvement and upgrading of water management agencies and farmer organizations to enhance management capabilities. Private and public collaboration as a means of earning carbon credit under the clean-development mechanism (CDM) with SRI/AWD for industries to meet as a part of their GHG emission quota as well as a social contribution and publicity program could contribute to adopt intermittent irrigation and rural investment and development. Also, inclusion of SRI and AWD in programs designed under CDM and/or in official development assistance (ODA) projects could contribute to climate-change mitigation and help to achieve UN sustainable development goals (SDGs).

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.115-131
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• 2011

Out of all the possible actions that can be taken to respond to greenhouse gas reduction, including development of greenhouse gas reduction technology, infrastructure, actions to improve energy saving and efficiency, and offset with carbon emission reductions (CERs), this study shall focus on the investment on CERs. This study will take a look at risks involved with investing in CERs such as UN registration refusal risk and CERs price fluctuation, and will design risk management model which shall be verified. The goal of this paper is to provide optimized CERs investment strategies for different types of investors, such as general trading companies seeking for investment opportunities and financial companies with plans for green products development and investment by preparation for carbon market. It is expected that the global competitiveness of domestic financial companies shall be improved by taking actions on carbon market instead of previous passive response to climate change and that Korea, the number two Carbon Emissions supplier and number one derivatives market in terms of volume, shall be able to lead the worldwide carbon market.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.195-209
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• 2012

There are four differentiated levels to quantify the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from a facility, which are Tier 1 to 4 based on the IPCC guidelines. In this study, the emission estimates from all tier levels were calculated to compare their total $CO_2$ emission results among themselves for seven facilities, including three sectors of electricity generation, municipal solid waste incineration, and cement manufacturing for three months between February and May 2011. Generally the measured $CO_2$ emissions by Tier 4 were higher than the calculated $CO_2$ emissions by Tier 3, which had been also observed for the power plants in the USA. It was found out that to obtain more reliable estimation for Tier 3, accurate analysis of the composition of the fuel used should be carried out. It was suggested that further refinement on the administrative guidelines be made to make it more robust.

• JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL WORLD
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• s.264
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• pp.70-78
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• 1998

석유 등의 화석연료가 연소되면서 발생하는 이산화탄소를 주체로 하는 ''온실효과가스''의 배출량이 점점 더 증가해 감에 따라 지구온난화가 국제적으로도 커다란 환경문제가 되고 있다. 이산화탄소의 배출을 억제하기 위한 구체적인 시책은 바로 자에너지(에너지 절약/ 이용합리화)의 수행이다. 이번에 자에너지를 주목적으로, ISO14001의 환경매니지먼트 모델을 전체적으로 지원하는 공장에너지관리시스템과 조명$\cdot$빌딩분야에서 환경매니지먼트 모델을 지원하는 조명제어시스템 및 빌딩 설비 감시시스템을 구축하였다. 신규개발한 Controller의 소프트웨어는 24시간 가동가능한 OS(Operating System)에 제어미들웨어를 탑재하여 Object설계방법으로 제작된 기능별 어플리케이션 소프트웨어를 각 시스템별로 조합한다. 하드웨어는 퍼스컴과 동일한 DOS/V머신 구성으로 하여 시스템의 주체가 되는 부송부의 하드웨어를 개발하였다. 구축한 각 시스템의 내용은 다음과 같다. (1)공장에너지관리시스템 수집한 에너지사용량 데이터를 관리$\cdot$분석용으로 가공하는 생에너지 지원용 어플리케이션 소프트웨어를 탑재하고있어 환경매니지먼트 시스템(ISO14001)을 실행하는 데에도 유용하다. (2)조명제어시스템 지금까지 단독기기였던 조도일정제어의 조광컨트롤러에 B/NET 전송기능을 탑재하여 스케줄 및 디맨드 감시에 의한 조광제어를 시행하여 한층 더 생에너지를 실현한다. (3)빌딩설비 감시시스템 빌딩의 에너지관리, 조명$\cdot$공조제어에 의한 생에너지화, 보전업무의 효율화$\cdot$생력화를 실현한다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.162-162
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• 2018

지난 100년간(1996~2005년)의 전지구 평균 온도는 $0.74^{\circ}C$ 상승하였고 이러한 온도 상승은 온실효과의 영향으로 파악되고 있으며, 장래에는 이러한 상승 경향이 가속화되어 진행될 것으로 예측되고 있다(IPCC 2014; Baek et al 2011). 전지구 기온 상승은 극한 해수면 증가 및 호우 빈도와 평균 강수량 증가로 나타나며, 이로 인한 상당한 홍수 및 침수피해 가능성이 나타나고 있어 이에 대한 선제적 대응책 마련이 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 GCMs 모델별 연 최대 일 강수량을 추출하여 정상성 및 비정상성 빈도분석을 수행하고 빈도별 확률강수량을 산정하였다. 정상성 및 비정상성 분석을 위해 모델별 연최대치 일강우 자료를 산정하고, 모델별 경향성 검정을 수행하였다. 또한 각 모델별로 2021년부터 30년을 기준으로 1개년씩 자료이동을 통해 30세트를 구성하고, 각 세트별 80mm 이상의 강우의 평균 발생횟수 및 여름철(6월~9월) 평균 강우 총량의 산정을 통해 순위 도출에 적용하였다. 경향성 검정 및 순위도출 결과를 토대로 8개 GCMs 자료 중에서 4개의 GCMs를 선정하였고, 시나리오별 세트구성에 따른 연 최대 일 강우량의 평균 및 Gumbel 분포형의 위치 및 축척매개변수를 산정하였으며, 이를 토대로 서울지역을 대상으로 위치 및 축척 매개변수 추정에 따른 비정상성 빈도분석을 수행하였다.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.287-294
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• 2021

In order to expand facility agriculture and reduce greenhouse construction costs in reclaimed land, a greenhouse foundation method that satisfies economic feasibility and structural safety at the same time is required. As an alternative, the allowable bearing capacity and settlement were reviewed when the DCM(Deep cement mixing) method was applied among the soft ground reinforcement methods. To examine the applicability of the greenhouse foundation, the allowable bearing capacity and settlement were calculated by applying the theory of Terzaghi, Meyerhof, Hansen, and Schmertmann. In case of the diameter of 800mm and the width and length of the foundation of 4m, the allowable bearing capacity was 179kN/m² and the settlement was 7.25mm, which satisfies the required bearing capacity and settlement standards. The calculation results were verified through FEM(Finite element method) analysis using the Mohr-Coulomb material model. The allowable bearing capacity was 169kN/m² and the settlement was 2.52mm. The bearing capacity showed an error of 5.6% compared to calculated value, and the settlement showed and error of 65.4%. Through theoretical calculations and FEM analysis, it was confirmed that the allowable bearing capacity and settlement satisfies the design criteria as a greenhouse foundation when the width and length of the foundation were 4m. Based on the verified design values, it is expected to be able to present the foundation design criteria for greenhouses through empirical tests such as bearing capacity tests and long-term settlement monitoring.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2018

This study was performed to review the domestic and international smart farm service model based on the convergence of agriculture and information & communication technology and derived various factors needed to improve the Korean smart greenhouse. Studies on modelling of crop growth environment in domestic smart farms were limited. And it took a lot of time to build research infrastructure. The cloud-based research platform as an alternative is needed. This platform can provide an infrastructure for comprehensive data storage and analysis as it manages the growth model of cloud-based integrated data, growth environment model, actuators control model, and farm management as well as knowledge-based expert systems and farm dashboard. Therefore, the cloud-based research platform can be applied as to quantify the relationships among various factors, such as the growth environment of crops, productivity, and actuators control. In addition, it will enable researchers to analyze quantitatively the growth environment model of crops, plants, and growth by utilizing big data, machine learning, and artificial intelligences.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.410-418
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• 2021

This study was conducted in 8.2m wide single-span greenhouse to investigate the effect of presence or absence of rafter steel pipe joint and foundation conditions on greenhouse structural performance. Structural performance was evaluated by static loading test using the structural performance evaluation system for single-span greenhouse. The measured displacement was compared with the predicted result by numerical analysis. The displacement of each measurement location showed a significant difference regardless of the conditions of the foundation and presence or absence of rafter steel pipe joint. Compared to the hinge conditions, the difference in structural performance of the greenhouse in the fixed conditions was seen to be relatively large. The difference in structural performance according to presence or absence of rafter steel pipe joints, the lateral stiffness of the joint was 8.1% greater.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.37-48
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• 2024

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are obligated to reduce carbon emissions as a part of public sector greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction targets. However, Sewage Statistics(2022) shows that CO₂ emissions per wastewater treatment volumes have decreased by only 3.03 % compared to 2020, which is far from enough to meet the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets. This study aimed to find operational conditions of biological reactors that minimize total carbon footprint (CFP). Total CFP considers both direct emissions from biological processes and indirect emissions from energy consumption. A study was conducted using a computer simulation program which is called as EQPS for a 4-stage BNR WWTP. The results showed that total CFP was reduced by 10.97% compared to the design condition when the mixed liquor recirculation (MLR) was set to 100 % of the influent flow. The N₂O emission factor (EF) of the target WWTP was calculated to be 0.138-0.199 %, which is significantly lower than the IPCC default value of 1.6 %. This study proposes a method to minimize total CFP in WWTPs by optimizing biological reactor operation and emphasizes the need for further research on N₂O emission reduction.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.254-254
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• 2022

밭 용수관리 및 가뭄 대응을 위한 토양수분 실측자료의 품질관리가 필수적으로 수행되어야 한다. 토양수분 자료의 체계적인 유지관리를 위해 국제 토양수분 네트워크(International Soil Moisture Network; ISMN)가 설립되었고, 전세계 1,400여개 지점의 토양수분량 자료의 품질관리하고 있다. ISMN 품질관리 방식은 토양특성, 강우에 대한 반응, 토양온도, 시계열특성을 이용한다. 지표면 최상 토층에 저장되어있는 수분인 토양수분은 기후 예측, 홍수 예보, 농업가뭄평가, 수자원 관리, 온실가스 산정, 인프라 보전, 수인성 전염병 모델링 등 다양한 분야에 활용될 수 있다(Dorigo et al., 2011). 본 연구에서는 FDR(Frequency Domain Reflectometry) 기기를 이용한 토양수분 측정자료의 품질관리를 위해 ISMN에서 제시한 총6개의 단계별 품질관리 체계를 적용하였다. 단계는 1) 토양수분이 0 m3m-3보다 작은지, 2) 또는 0.6 m3m-3보다 큰지, 3) 토양수분값이 공극률보다 큰지, 4) 토양온도가 영하인지, 5) 토양수분이 강우 이벤트 없이 증가하는지, 그리고 5) 토양수분 시계열 자료에 spike 가 있는지 6) break나 plateau가 있는지를 검사하여 Quality Flag를 설정하였다. 이를 기반으로 토양수분 데이터 자동 프로그램을 개발하여 이상치를 보정하였다. 향후, ISMN의 Quality Flag (QF1-QF10)를 적용하여 모니터링 자료의 품질관리 자동 프로그램을 개발하고자 한다.