• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.179-190
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• 2004

Precambrian metamorphic rocks of Yeongyang-Uljin area, which is located in the eastern part of Sobaegsan Massif, Korea, are composed of Pyeonghae, Giseong, Wonnam Formations and Hada leuco granite gneisses. These show a zonal distribution of WNW-ESE trend, and are intruded by Mesozoic igneous rocks and are unconformably overlain by Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. This study clarifies the deformation history of Precambrian metamorphic rocks after the formation of gneissosity or schistosity on the basis of the geometric and kinematic features and the forming sequence of multi-deformed rock structures, and suggests that the geological structures of this area experienced at least four phases of deformation i.e. ductile shear deformation, one deformation before that, at least two deformations after that. (1) The first phase of deformation formed regional foliations and WNW-trending isoclinal folds with subhorizontal axes and steep axial planes dipping to the north. (2) The second phase of deformation occurred by dextral ductile shear deformation of top-to-the east movement, forming stretching lineations of E-W trend, S-C mylonitic structure foliations, and Z-shaped asymmetric folds. (3) The third phase deformation formed I-W trending open- or kink-type recumbent folds with subhorizontal axes and gently dipping axial planes. (4) The fourth phase deformation took place under compression of NNW-SSE direction, forming ENE-WSW trending symmetric open upright folds and asymmetric conjugate kink folds with subhorizontal axes, and conjugate faults thrusting to the both NNW and SSE with drag folds related to it. These four phases of deformation are closely connected with the orientation of regional foliation in the Yeongyang-Uljin area. 1st deformation produced regional foliation striking WNW and steeply dipping to the north, 2nd deformation locally change the strike of regional foliation into N-S direction, and 3rd and 4th deformations locally change dip-angle and dip-direction of regional foliation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.415-425
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• 2013

This study compared the characteristics of five Bacillus strains capable of aerobic and anaerobic growth, CBW3, CBW4, CBW9, CBW14 and EBW10. They were isolated and selected from a polychaete, Perinereis aibuhitensis, which is known as a good degrader of organic compounds in marine wetland. Based on a 16S rRNA sequence, CBW3 and CBW14 were found to share more than 99.8% similarity with B. nanhaiensis, B. arsenicus and B. barbaricus. CBW4, CBW9 and EBW10 shared 92.7%, 99.8%, and 99.8% similarity with B. anthracis, B. algicoa and B. thuringiensis, respectively. The temperature, salinity, and pH ranges of the cell growth of the Bacillus strains were $4-45^{\circ}C$, 0-17%, and pH 5-pH 9, respectively. All Bacillus strains were found to exhibit enzyme activities for the degradation of casein and starch. Notably, strain EBW10 exhibited the enzyme activities for all the tested macromolecules, DNA, casein, starch, cellulose, and four kinds of Tweens, which suggests the possibility that it had protease, amylase, cellulose, and lipase. All five Bacillus strains had alkaline phosphatase activities, and the strains CBW3, CBW4, and EBW10 also had acid phospatase. Strains CBW3 and EBW10 exhibited the enzyme activities both for esterase (C4) and esterase lipase (C8). The analysis of fatty acids revealed that in all strains, major fatty acids were anteiso $C_{15:0}$ and iso $C_{15:0}$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.442-447
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• 1994

Effect of different mixing ratio of non-glutinous and glutinous rice on physical and rheological properties of extrudate prepared in a single screw extruder were examined. The extrusion conditions in term of screw speeds, moisture content and die temperature were 258 rpm, 18% and $120^{\circ}C$, respectively. The resisdence time distribution of the most of materials were within 30 second and small portion of them went up to 80 second. The expansion ratio was the highest value (2.93) for 70% of glutinous rice in the mixture, while the lowest value for 100% of non-glutinous rice. Breaking strength was in the range between 1,051g and 1,117g for $10{\sim}20%$ of glutinous rice in the mixture, while the lowest value (737g) for 80%r of glutinous rice. As the amount of glutinous rice increased, L and a values were increased and b value was decreased. The uncooked cold paste viscosity had 400 B.U. for 100% non-glutinous rice , while no peak for the 100% glutinous rice. As the amount of glutinous rice increased up to 100%, the water absorption index (WAI) was decreased, while water solubility index (WSI) was increased. The rheological properties of extrudate were accounted by the law of Oswald. The flow behavior index of extrudate was less than 1.0, which showed pseudoplastic behavior. Yield stress was the highest value for 20% of glutinous rice in the mixture and the lowest value for $80{\sim}100%$ of glutinous; rice. Number of air cell was between 128 and 159 for $80{\sim}100%$ of glutinous rice in the mixture, while $81{\sim}84%$ for $0{\sim}20%$ of glutinous rice. The degree of shapefact was increased more when the mixtures of glutinous and non-glutinous rice was used than when glutinous or non-glutinous rice was only used.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.46 no.12
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• pp.1181-1191
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• 2013

This study have implemented finding the optimal water temperature parameter set for Hapcheon dam reservoir using CE-QUAL-W2 model. In particular the sensitivity analysis was carried out for four water temperature parameters of wind sheltering coefficient (WSC), radiation heat coefficient (BETA), light extinction coefficient (EXH2O), heat exchange coefficient at the channel bed (CBHE). Firstly, WSC, BETA, EXH2O shows relatively high sensitivity in common during April to September, and CBHE does during August to November. Secondly, as a result of identifying depth range of parameter influence, BETA and EXH2O show 0~9 m and 8~14 m which is thermocline layer close to water surface, CBHE is deep layer 12 m away from bottom. Finally, applying annual or monthly optimal parameter sets indicates that the bias between two sets does not show much differences for WSC and CBHE parameters, but BETA and EXH2O parameters show $0.20^{\circ}C$ and $0.51^{\circ}C$ of monthly average biases for two parameter sets. In particular the bias reveals to be $0.4^{\circ}C$ and $1.09^{\circ}C$ during May and August that confirms the necessity of use of monthly parameters during that season. It is claimed that the current operational custom use of annual parameters in calibration of reservoir water quality model requires the improvement of using monthly parameters.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1031-1037
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• 2006

The main purposes of this study were to compare the characteristics of fractionated natural organic matters(NOM) from Han River water and Wangsuk(W) stream water, and to investigate the relationships between NOM and the formation of disinfection by products(DBPs). Three types of resin such as XAD-4, XAD-7HP and IRC-50 were used to isolate the water samples into three organic fractions. The DOC concentrations of raw waters were relatively low($1.5{\sim}3.3$ mg/L) at all seasons. The hydrophilic was the major constituent, contributing $44{\sim}63%$ of the total NOM and hydrophobic $21{\sim}33%$, transphilic $16{\sim}31%$, respectively. The formation of trihalomethans(THMs) was highly influenced by particulated NOM especially in the rainy season, whereas haloaceticacid forming potentials(HAAFPs) depended more on the hydrophilic fraction of dissolved NOM which is known to be difficult to be removed through conventional processes. The NOM of W stream was characterized as 15% hydrophobic, 9% transphilic, and 76% hydrophilic. In the fractionation of NOM using resins, $20{\sim}40%$ of the NOM in W tributary water could not be clearly isolated, whereas, 85% of the NOM in the raw water was recovered. Although the DOC concentration of tributary water was higher than the raw waters from the Han River, the DBPFPs was approximately 40% of the raw waters. In DBPFPs aspect, W stream has less effect than Han River water itself. Bromide in tributary waters discharged from waste water treatment plants has been found to shift the distribution of THMs and HANs to the more brominated DBPs.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 2002

To develop a new method of conjugation and to determine the distribution of R plasimds, we isolated multi-drug resistant strains from fish pathogenic bacteria in the farms of south and east seacoasts of Korea. Out of the 134 isolates examined, 10 showed resistance to chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, ampicillin, colistin, nalidixic acid, oxolinic acid and kanamycin. One out of 10 multi-drug resistance bacteria, Vibfio damsela JE1 (V. damsela JE1), contained transferable R plasmid of chlorarnphenicol- tetracycline resistance genes and other nucleic acids encoding ampicillin and kanamycin resistance. The presence of the R plasmid was confirmed by conjugation using the chromocult medium (CC) as a selective and differential medium for transconiugants with identification based on the growth or colors of the colonies. The frequency of R plasmid transfer with filter mating method was come out much higher than that of broth mating method and appeared to be dependent upon the mating time and temperature. The optimum conditions for filter mating method were found to be 30$^{\circ}C$ and 24hrs as mating temperature and period, respectively, Moreover, donor cells with R plasmid, both isolate and standard bacteria, were shown to have an ability to transfer the plasmid against Escherichia coli K-12 HB101 (E. coli HB101) and Edwardsiella tarda (E. tarda) RE14 at fairly high frequencies, finally, we isolated 3 isolates of Sphingomonas sp., carrying R plasmid from 12 multi-drug resistant bacteria in normal microflora of the flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) group used for the isolation of V emsela JE1 four months before. The same size and gene transfer chayateristics of R plasimds with those of V damsela JE1 confirmed that normal microflora have the reservoir activity for R plasmid in natural aquatic environment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.3
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• pp.302-308
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• 1990

This study was conducted to determine the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation and ortet ages on the rooting of Quercus acutissima cuttings. The cuttings taken from 12-week-, 2-year-, 4-year-, and 20-year-old plants were rooted in mid summer in the rooting medium (vermiculite 2 : peatmoss 1 by volume) with or without Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) and Glomus sp. inocula and IBA under intermittent misting system in an open shed. The average percentages of rooting were about 82%, 49%, 29%, and 13% for cuttings taken from 12-week-, 2-year-. 4-year-, and 20-year-old seedlings, respectively. Pt inoculation, enhanced rooting of cuttings at all age classes, except 12-week-old seedlings, with the highest enhancement(22%) observed in cuttings taken from 20-year-old trees. The highest percentage of rooting in each age group eras 88.9% in 12-week-old seedlings treated with Pt plus 3.000ppm IBA, 75% in 2-Year-old plants with 1,000ppm IBA, 58.3% in 4-year-old plants with 3.000ppm IBA and 22% in 20-year-old plants. The addition of Glomus sp. fungus inoculum failed to enhance rooting. Pt mycorrhizal inoculation enhanced root dry weight, length, and diamter of adventitious roots at cuttings taken from 12-week- and 20-year-old trees, except the cuttings taken from 4-year-old seedlings. Rooted cuttings had more total nitrogen content in the leaves than unrooted cuttings, and the greater rooting response was associated with the higher phosphorus content in the leaves.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.412-421
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• 2006

Objective: The result of finite element analysis depends on material properties, structural expression, density of element, and boundar or loading conditions. To represent proper elastic behavior, a finite element model was made using Hounsfield unit (HU) values in CT images. Methods: A 13 year 6 month old male was used as the subject. A 3 dimensional visualizing program, Mimics, was used to build a 3D object from the DICOM file which was acquired from the CT images. Model 1 was established by giving 24 material properties according to HU. Model 2 was constructed by the conventional method which provides 2 material properties. Protraction force of 500g was applied at a 45 degree downward angle from Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane. Results: Model 1 showed a more flexible response on the first premolar region which had more forward and downward movement of the maxillary anterior segment. Maxilla was bent on the sagittal plane and frontal plane. Model 2 revealed less movement in all directions. It moved downward on the anterior part and upward on the posterior part, which is clockwise rotation of the maxilla. Conclusion: These results signify that different outcomes of finite element analysis can occur according to the given material properties and it is recommended to use HU values for more accurate results.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1188-1198
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• 1998

Background : The purpose of the present study was to determine the protective effect of antiasthmatic activity of inhaled heparin, cromolyn sodium, budesonide, furosemide in exercise-induced asthma(EIA). The other important considerable point of this study was the mechanism of bronchoconstriction on EIA. Methods : Eight subjects with a history of EIA were studied on 5 different experiment days. After obtaining baseline $FEV_1$ and FVC, subjects performed a standardized exercise challenge. EIA was assessed by measurement of $FEV_1$ before and after exercise. On experiment day 4, the exercise challenge was performed after the subjects inhaled either heparin (1,000 units/kg/day for 5 days), furosemide (1mg/kg for 5 days), cromolyn (4mg/day for 5 days), or budesonide ($400{\mu}g/day$ for 5 days). On experiment day 5, the methacholine bronchial provocation test was performed. On experiment day 3, activated partial thromboplastine time(aPTI) was checked. Results : Maximum decrements of $FEV_1$ (mean${\pm}$SE) among 0 to 120 minutes after exercise were as follows : heparin was $83.1{\pm}4.81%$ (p=0.010), furosemide was $80.5{\pm}6.87%$ (p=0.071), cromolyn was $86.8{\pm}6.53%$ (p=0.340), and budesonide was $79.4{\pm}7.31%$ (p=0.095). Above medications were compared to the control value ($72.5{\pm}18.2%$) by paired t-test. No medications had effect on $PD_{20}$ of methacholine bronchial provocation test The results were control $1.58{\pm}0.49{\mu}mol$), heparin ($4.17{\pm}1.96{\mu}mol$), furosemide ($1.85{\pm}0.86{\mu}mol$), cromolyn ($2.19{\pm}0.89{\mu}mol$), and budesonide ($3.38{\pm}1.77{\mu}mol$), respectively(p>0.05). The inhaled heparin had no effect of anticoagulation. Conclusion : These data demonstrate that inhaled heparin has a protective effect on EIA. The effect of inhaled cromolyn was statistically absent with manufacture's recommended dosage on EIA. So, the dosage of cromolyn should be carefully evaluated in future. Although inhalation of budesonide and furosemide have no statistical significance compared to control, these drugs also have some protective effects on EIA.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.27-32
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• 1978

The diurnal pattern of leaf water potential in cuttings by Dye Method was as follows: 1. Diurnal pattern of leaf water potential (${\psi}_l$) in Viburnum Awabuki K. Koch and Daphne odora Thunb. was shown the pattern of the curves without mutual relation with soil classes when soil water potential (${\psi}_s$) was 0 bar. When ${\psi}_s$ was above -0.01 bar, the cuttings in the loamy sand (L.S.) was shown by the maximum values than that in sandy clay (S.C.) by about -1 bar gap (Fig. 1). 2. The diurnal changes of ${\psi}_l$ was shown the most high from two to eight O'clock in the morning, the maximum value was -3 bars when ${\psi}_s$ was above -0.01 to -0.02 bar, and was -4 bars below -0.03 bar. The diurnal the lowest values of ${\psi}_l$ showed -20 to -22 bars from one to two O'clock in the afternoon. In the fifteenth day after cutting V.A., the staying time in the diurnal maximum values of ${\psi}_l$ is about half in comparison with it in the fifth day. The curves of recovery of water stress (Fig. 1), the former reached to the diurnal maximum values -1 to -2 bars lately every hours comparing with it of the latter. The general diurnal pattern of ${\psi}_l$ was most clearly related to change with air temperature and the relative humitidy. 3. Comparing the treatment block by IAA 50 ppm with controlled block in fifteenth day after V.A. cuttings, in case of treatment reached to maximum values -2 to -3 bars lately as shown Fig. 2., and also staying times was only half in comparison with controlled block. 4. The cuttings 4 leafs was much rootings than 2 leafs in V.A. (Table. 1), and the former reached maximum value -2 to -3 bars lately every hours comparing with the latter. 5. In case of Buxus microphylla var. Koreana as shown Fig. 3., comparing the pattern curves of in the cuttings 8 leafs with 4 leafs, the former reached to maximum values -2 to -3 bars lately in comparison with the latter, but reffering to the amount of rooting (Table. 2), the former is less than the latter.