• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.298-305
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• 1984

The competitive relationship between orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and ladino clover (Trifolium repens L.) was studied under aerial and soil partitions and N, P fertilizer combinations. Orchardgrass and ladino clover were grown in field with one of non competition, shoot competition only, root competition only, full competition and competition between same species. Under basal application of K fertilizer N and P were applied in treatment combinations of blank, N only (l5kg/10a), P only (l5kg/10a), and both NP at planting and each cutting. The forage yield in mixture was between yield of pure orchard grass stand and the 'expected yield', which was a mean of both pure stands. The forage yield in pure ladino was the lowest. During the experiment there was a progressive decline in clover yield either pure stand or mixture. Since orchardgrass was 'over-compensated' to low-yielding clover, the yield of mixture was more than non competition. Orchard grass was more competitive than ladino clover as seasons advanced. The aggressivity of orchardgrass was higher in root competition than in shoot competition comparing to clover. Nitrogen fertilizer increased orchardgrass yield, while phosphate did ladino clover yield and root weight of both species. But the additional effect of P to N was not significant in dry weight and LAI.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.272-279
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• 1983

Canopy structure and light interception were investigated as related to forage growth and dry matter production in four swards; pure orchardgrass, pure ladino clover, orchard-ladino mixture, and multi-mixture that was consisted of four grasses and three legumes. In spring, multi-mixture stand had the highest LAI, while ladino clover pure stand had low LAI but the highest leaf volume density(L$_{v}$ ). In fall, both pure orchardgrass and orchard-ladino mixture had higher LAI and L$_{v}$ than others. Orchard pure stand was an electophile canopy with K, light extinction coefficient, of 0.29-0.43, pure ladino clover a planophile canopy with K of 0.72, and both mixtures a plagiophile canopy with K of 0.43-0.58. Dry matter yields had highly significant correlation with LAI in all stands. Optimum LAI for pure orchardgrass was estimated above 6.0 and for pure ladino clover, orchard-ladino mixture and multi-mixture were about 3.8,5.0 and 8.0, respectively. Conclusion was made that multi-mixture and orchard-ladino mixture had better canopy structure to improve light penetration and forage yield than pure stands.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Grassland Science Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.168-169
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• 2003

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.426-433
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• 1986

This experiment was carried out to investigate the competitive ability and the interaction of each species in ten mono-and binary-associations of four forage species; orchardgrass, tall fescus, ladino clover, and alfalfa. Each species was grown in intra- and interspecific stands in large pots for one year. And samplings of shoot and root were taken in Spring, Summer, and fall clipping stages. Intra- and interspecific competition was compared and evaluated by expected yield, aggressivity, relative yield total(RYT), compensation index(CI), general combining ability(GCA), and specific combining ability (SCA) with shoot and root dry matter production of each species in monoculture and binary mixture. The forage yield was high in two grass species and the mixture of them, but low in two legume species and the mixture of them. The mixture of tall fescue-ladino clover was evaluated as a productive association with a high PYT(1.05) and a high SCA(0.79), and tall fescue was a more aggressive species in it. Each of grass-grass and legume-legume mixture was less aggressive between two species and lower SCAs than grass-legume mixtures. Especially, orchardgrass was the most agressive species and alfalfa was the least, but tall fescue had the highest GCA and ladino clover had the lowest in shoot competition. Also in root, tall fescue- ladino clover mixture was a good match with a high RYT(l.12) and a high SCA (0.60), and orchardgrass was highest in aggressivity. However, orchardgrass had the highest GCA in root while tall fescue had the highest in shoot.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Grassland Science Conference
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• 1999.06a
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• pp.94.1-94
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• 1999

5품종의 오차드그라스 종자로부터 직접 캘러스를 유도하고, 형성된 캘러스로부터 식물체를 재분화하는 조건을 확립하였다. 공시품종중 합성 19호가 캘러스 유도 및 재분화에서 가장 우수한 것으로 판명되었으며, SH, MS, N6 배지중에서 캘러스 유도시에는 MS 배지가, 재분화시에는 N6 배지가 유리한 것으로 나타났다.(중략)

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 1990

As a part of studies on potassium(K) behavior in grassland with respect to magnesium(Mg) balance of ruminants, seasonal variation of K and Mg contents of forages including native gasses grown in grazing pasture and meadow were investigated. During an experimental period from April to October of 1984, two times of grazings were carried out in the orchardgrass (Dacfylis glomerata L.) and the tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)dominant grazing pastures, and forage plants (forages and native grasses) were sampled monthly and also K and Mg contents were determined without separating into individual plant species (Experiment 1). All the plant species grown in the two meadows which situated in the grazing pastures were harvested five times during the same period, separated into individual plant species, and botanical composition (SDR, ) and K and Mg contents of the plant species were determined (Experiment 2). The results obtained were as follows: 1. During the experimental period in the orchardgrass grazing pasture K contents of the forage plants were the highest in spring, and the seasonal variation of the contents in the orchardgrass pasture (1.5-5.8 % in a dry matter basis) was more significant than that of forage plants in the tall fescue grazing pasture (3.0- 3.8 %). 2. The Mg contents of forage plants in the orchardgrass grazing pasture ranged under 2.0 mg/g DW from Arpil until July, and the contents in the orchardgrass pasture (1.5-3.1 mg/g DW) was in the lower range than that of forage plants in the tall fescue pasture (2.0-3.8 mg/g DW). (Experiment I). 3. Orchardgrass was the dominant species in the orchardgrass meadow until July, but several species of native grasses were observed from summer (July) and native grasses such as Digitaria adscendens and Echinochlw crus-galli became dominant in autumn (October). 4. Seasonal variation of K contents of orchardgrass was in the range of 3.9-5.9 %, and the contents was higher in spring (May) and in autumn (October). The variation of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) was in the range of 3.6-5.0 %, that of tall fescue 3.8-4.8 %, and that of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) 2.7-3.5 %, respectively. 5 . Seasonal variation of Mg content of white clover was in the range of 2.9-3.7 mg, that of tall fescue 2.0- 3.3 mg, and that of orchardgrass 1.6-2.8 mg/g DW, respectively. The variation of the contents of Italian ryegrass was in the range of 1.3-1.9 mg/g DW. And Mg contents of the forage plants were higher in summer(July) 6. In autumn (October and November ) native grasses such as D. adscendens and E. crus-galli contained lower K contents (1.7-3.9 %), but higher Mg contents (3.2-10.1 mg/g DW) than the forages contained. (Experiment 2) From the results above, it is known that K contents ranged higher in younger forages in viewpoint of growth stage and higher in spring and autumn, and that Mg contents ranged lower in spring. Therefore, the mineral imbalance or hypomagnesaemic (grass) tetany can be triggered in spring or autumn, and more frequently by such plant species as orchardgrass and Italian ryegrass with lower Mg and/or higher K contents than by tall fescue. And it is suggested that the dominant native grasses in autumn such as D. adscendens and E. emsgalli can contribute to the prevention of the tetany with higher Mg and lower K contents.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.267-274
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• 2005

To develop transgenic orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) resistant to high temperature, a thermptolerance gene, DgP23, was introduced into orchardgrass using Agrobacterium - mediated transformation method. PCR and Southern blot analyses using genomic DNA showed specific DNA band on agarose gel and hybridization signal on X- ray film in transgenic orchardgrass harboring the recombinant DgP23 gene, but not in the wild type and empty vector control plants. RT-PCR and Southern blot analyses using total RNA also showed specific DNA band and hybridization signal. Transgenic orchardgrass did not showed ny morphological aberration both in the green house and field cultivation. Thermotolerance of transgenic plants was not detected in laboratory test. but may detected in field test.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.25-28
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• 2004

To determine lethal temperature of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L. cv. Janbeol 102) developed in Korea at heat-stressed conditions, seedlings grown in a amall pots for 4 weeks were treated at $45^{\circ}C$, $50^{\circ}C$ or $55^{\circ}C$ for 1 h. Heat treatments at $60^{\circ}C$ and $65^{\circ}C$ for 1 h, several plants were withered and showed damage symptom on their leaves. When the plants were exposed to $70^{\circ}C$ for 1 h, most of leaves were severely withered, but it was not lethal conditions for the whole plants. By contrast, most of plants were died within one day after heat treatment at $80^{\circ}C$ for 1h. Furthermore, plants exposed to $80^{\circ}C$ for 55 min were also died within 7 days. It was found that new shoots were regenerated from the plants that had been treated at $80^{\circ}C$ within 50 min. These results indicate that heat treatment at $80^{\circ}C$ for 55 min is an optimum condition to distinguish the lethality of orchardgrass plants. Simple viability assay system established in this study will be useful for selection and characterization of heat-tolerant transgenic orchardgrass plants.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.211-218
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• 2003

This study was conducted to select the promising varieties of timothy (va.) Climax, Itasca, Alma, Comtal, Liphlea, Erecta, Argus and Kunpu at Daekwanryong(altitude 800m a.s.l.) and Namwon(altitude 450m a.s.l.) branch, and orchard grass (va.) Potomac, Warrior, Ambassador, Hapsung 2, 20, 93E and Kitamidori at Daekwanryong branch of National Livestock Research Institute, from 1999 to 2002. Among the timothy varieties, leafness of Liphlea, Erecta and Kunpu was greatest. Heading time of Liphlea and Kunpu was earliest and plant length of Kunpu was longest. Also, winter survival of Erecta and Kunpu was greatest with 94.0%. Among the orchardgrass varieties, although heading time of Hapsung 20 was late, it's leafness was the best and plant length was the longest in all varieties. Also, winter survival of Hapsung 20 was the highest in all varieties. In Daekwanryong and Namwon, dry matter yield of timothy(va.), Kunpu was highest(P<0.05) among the timothy varieties with 9,493kg and 13,890kg/ha, respectively. Dry matter yields of orchardgrass(va.), Hapsung 2 and Hapsung 20 were greatest among the varieties with 8,690kg and 8,818kg/ha, respectively. In two areas, average ADF concentration of Climax was lowest with 33.4%, and NDF concentration of Argus was lowest with 65.4% in all varieties. Average crude protein content of Alma was the highest with 16.5% and that of Kunpu was the lowest with 13.9%. Average crude protein yield of Kunpu was the highest with 1,710.5kg/ha in all timothy varieties. The ADF concentration of Hapsung 20 was lowest (33.4%), and NDF concentration of 93E was lowest (67.5%). Crude protein content (13.5%) and crude protein yield (1,173.2kg/ha) of Hapsung 2 were highest. These results indicate that Kunpu and Liphlea would be the promising varieties of timothy in Daekwanryong and Namwon, and also, Hapsung 2 of orchardgrass would be the promising varieties in Daekwanryong.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Grassland Science Conference
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• 1999.06a
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• pp.75.1-75
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• 1999

제초제 저항성 형질전환 목초 생산을 위하여 유전자총(Gene-gun) 및 Agrobacterium 기법을 이용하여 형질전환을 시도한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 공시재료 : 알팔파 (cv. Vernal, Anker), 오차드그라스 (합성19호) 2. 캘러스의 유도 및 증식 : 알팔파 종자를 SH-3 배지 (SH기본배지, 2,4-D 3mg/L 포함) 그리고 오차드그라스 종자를 MS-5 배지 (MS기본배지, 2,4-D 5mg/L, 2g casein hydrolysate 포함)에 치상하여 캘러스를 유도하였다. 유도된 캘러스는 증식을 위하여 SH-3 및 MS-3 배지 (MS기본배지, 2,4-D 3mg/L, 2g casein hydrolysate 포함)에서 2주 간격으로 subculture 하였다.(중략)