• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.331-341
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• 2021

The effects of austempering temperature, austenitizing temperature and time, added copper content and prior heat-treatment on the processing window of 3.6wt%C-2.5wt%Si ductile cast iron during austempering. The maximum processing window was obtained at 350℃ of austempering temperature. The processing window was increased with increased austenitizing temperature from 850 to 900℃; however, it decreased at 950℃. The processing window was increased with increased austenitizing time from 0.5 to 2 hours and rather decreased for 4 hours. The optimum condition of austenitizing was obained at 900℃ for 2 hours. The processing window was increased with copper content added in the range of 0.0~0.8wt%. The processing window was increased by prior normalizing heat-treatment and decreased by prior annealing in comparison with that for the as-cast state,

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
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• 1993.04a
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• pp.63-69
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• 1993

오스템퍼링 한 저합금구상흑연주철 은 일반의 구상흑연주철의 기지조직을 베이나이트로 함으로써 치수변화가 적고, 균열의 위험성이 없으며 또한 강도 및 인성이 좋은 특성을 지니고 있기 때문에 강에 필적할 만한 성질을 가진다는 것은 잘 알려져 있지만 주철은 주조한 그대로 사용한다는 개념이 강하여 지금까지 거의 공업적으로 이용되지 않았다. 그런데 최근 이 주철이 고응력을 받는 기계부붐에 적용되어 중형 및 대형의 gear wheel에 퍼얼라이트와 조질된 구상흑연주철 및 강을 대체하게되어 미국, 핀란드 및 영국 등에서는 자동차 후차축의 링 기어, 피니언 기어 및 크랭크축에 이르기까지 사용되기 시작하였고, 그 결과가 경제적으로도 은강품보다 오히려 유리하다고 보고되어 오늘날 자동차공업 부문에서도 맣은 주목을 모으고 있다.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.72-77
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• 2008

This study was investigated to know the effect of Cu addition on austempered ductile cast iron at various temperatures and times. Test results showed that the volume fraction of retained austenite and the carbon contents of retained austenite showed the greatest value at $400^{\circ}C$. Also, in case of specimens having more Cu contents, the volume fraction of retained austenite and the carbon contents of retained austenite showed the lower value. After austempering treatment, tensile strength and Impact value increased, but elongation decreased. With increasing austempering treatment temperature, tensile strength, elongation, and impact value decreased. In case of specimen having more Cu contents, tensile strength showed the higher value, but elongation showed the lower value. Damping capacity was decreased by austempering treatment and was not affected on austempering temperature and time. In case of specimen having more Cu contents, damping capacity showed the higher value.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.29 no.3 s.234
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• pp.462-469
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• 2005

Single phase bainite structure which is obtained by the conventional austempering treatment reduces the ductility of ductile cast iron. Because of the reduction of ductility it is possible to worsen the fatigue properties. Therefore, semi austempered ductile iron which is treated from ${\alpha}+{\gamma}$ is prepared to investigate the static strength and fatigue properties in comparison with fully austempered ductile iron (is treated from ${\gamma}$). In spite of semi austempered ductile iron shows the $86{\%}$ increase of ductility. Also, semi austempered ductile iron shows the higher fatigue limit and lower fatigue crack growth rate as compared with fully austempered ductile iron. By the fractographical analysis, it is revealed that the ferrite obtained by semi austempering process brings about the plastic deformation(ductile striation) of crack tip and gives the prior path of crack propagation. The relatively low crack growth rate in semi austempered specimen is caused by above fractographical reasons.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.221-229
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• 1999

We examined the governing factors of fatigue limit in annealed and austempered ductile iron specimens machined micro hole(dia.<0.4mm) in rotary bending fatigue test. Also, the quantitative relationship between fatigue limit and maximum defect size in specimens was investigated. Artificial defect(micro-pit type, dia.<0.4mm) on specimen surface did not bring about an obvious reduction of fatigue limit in austempered ductile iton(ADI) as compared with annealed ductile iron. According to the investigation of ${\sqrt{area}}_c$ which is the critical defect size to crack initiation at artificial defect, ${\sqrt{area}}_c$ of ADI was larger than that of annealed ductile iron. This shows that the situation of crack initiation at artificial defect in ADI is more difficult in comparison with annealed ductile iron. Maximum defect size is one of the important parameters to predict fatigue limit. And, the quantitative relationship, between the fatigue limit ${\sigma}_{\omega}$ and the maximum defect size ${\sqrt{area}}_{max}$ can be expressed to ${\sigma}_{\omega}^n{\cdot}{\sqrt{area}}_{max}=C_2$ where, $C_2$ are constant. Moreover, it is possible to explain the difference in fatigue limit between, austempered and annealed ductile iron by introducing the parameter ${\delta}(=N_{sg}/N_{total})$in a plain spectimen.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1-7
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• 2020

An experimental evaluation of bending fatigue strength for austempered ductile iron (ADI) spur gears was performed using a Zwick fatigue tester. The gear material was manufactured using vertical continuous casting, resulting in the radius of the graphite grains being smaller. The stress-number of cycles curve (S-N curve) for the bending fatigue strength of the ADI spur gears thus manufactured, without any specific surface treatments, was obtained using post-processing software. It was observed that when the reliability was 50%, the allowable root stress was 610 MPa. was calculated using an analytical method as well as the finite element method, and the difference between the values calculated using the two methods is only 7%. This study provides a reliable basis to rate the reliability design of small gearboxes in automation in the future.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.2742-2748
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• 2000

In this study, the quantitative evaluation was performed by examination for gatigue crack origin in two prepared ductile irons specimens which have different microstructures using rotary bending fatigue tester, Series A has mixed microstructure. ferrite plus pearlite, and series B has bainitic microstructure. Obtained main results are as follows. The scatterings of fatigue strength were observed on σ(sub)α-Ν diagram of both specimen series, and it is observed that scatterings of series A were more serious. It is reasonable to evaluate the size of mesocrack range by means of √A(원문참조), where A means the area of mesocrack range including globular graphite nodule. As a result of reconsideration for the fatigue data by introduction of K(sub)α-Ν diagram, the scattrings of fatigue life were, remarkably. reduced. Therefore, it is more reasonable to evaluate of mesocrack range on fatigue life by parameter K(sub)α rather than σ(sub)α.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.86-91
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• 2007

This study was investigated to know the effect of subzero treatment in austempered ductile cast iron. Retained austenite transformed to martensite by subzero treatment. With decreasing subzero treatment temperature, more volume fraction of retained austenite transformed to martensite and transformed to martensite above 30% by subzero treatment temperature at $-196^{\circ}C$. With decreasing subzero treatment temperature, the value of strength and hardness increased but the value of elongation and impact value decreased. In case of subzero treatment at $-196^{\circ}C$, hardness value increased about 18% and impact value decreased by above 20%. We could find that subzero treated specimens had a little of effect on the tensile properties but had very much effect on the hardness and value of the impact.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.489-496
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• 1988

This paper is studied to know wear mechanism in variation of austempering temperature and holding time of austempered ductile cast iron against mating material SM45C hardened by heat treatment. The wear tests were carried out by rubbing the annular surface of two test pieces in dry sliding friction. The wear mechanism was investigated by scanning electron microscopy and the retained austenite volume fraction was investigated by X-ray diffractometer. The experimental results show that the wear characteristics depend largely on the oxidation of the testing materials which is influenced by the sliding velocity and distance. The retained austenite has a negative effect during frictional contact because it has increased severe wear by softened surface layer. It is shown experimentally that hard metals have lower frictional resistance and hence the resistance to adhesion is increased due to stronger interatomic linking bonds and increase in the surface energy.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1404-1411
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• 1993

This study was undertaken to investigate the corrosive wear charateristics upon various transformation condition of austempered low-alloy ductile cast iron in corrosive environments against mating specimen made of the hardened SM45C. The corrosive wear test was carried out by rubbing the annular surface of two test pieces in distilled water and aqueous solution at constant sliding speed of 0.5m/s. In severe wear region, the corrosive wear rate Wc increased hastily with NaCl concentration owing to intermetallic adhesion but Wc went down slowly in mild wear region due to lubricating effect of the corrosion product. The critical sliding distance decreased with increasing NaCl concentration due to increased generation rate of the corrosion product and the specific corrosive wear rate has maximum in 1% NaCl aqueous solution at mild wear region. With the variation of matrix, the corrosive wear resistance of the fine acicular bainite was higher than that of coarse upper bainite because of reducing the local cell reaction by carbides. A growth in volume fraction of retained austenite in matrix increased the Wc due to soften surface, but has a declining tendency of Wc in mild wear region.