• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.164-174
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• 2023

Electropolishing technology uses an electrochemical reaction and improves surface roughness, glossiness, and corrosion resistance. In this investigation, electropolishing was performed to improve the corrosion resistance of super austenitic stainless steel. As a result of electropolishing, surface roughness (0.16 ㎛) was improved by about 76.5% compared to mechanical polishing (0.68 ㎛). In addition, the electropolished surface was smooth because the average and variance values of the depth histogram were small. Tafel analysis was performed after a potentiodynamic polarization experiment with seawater temperature, and the microstructure was compared and analyzed. The corrosion current density at 30 ℃, 60 ℃, and 90 ℃ was reduced by 0.083 ㎂/cm², 0.296 ㎂/cm², and 0.341 ㎂/cm², respectively. Pitting occurred in the mechanical polished specimen at 30 ℃, but partial intergranular corrosion was observed in the electropolished specimen, and pitting occurred predominantly at both 60 ℃ and 90 ℃. In addition, the damage depths of the electropolished specimen were shallower than those of mechanical polishing at 30 ℃ and 60 ℃, but the opposite result was seen at 90 ℃.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2023

We examined the martensitic transformation kinetics for metastable stainless steel during electrochemical polishing (EP) using different types of electrolytes. Martensite fraction measured with EBSD showed that the electrolyte with high relative permittivity exhibited comparably higher levels of martensitic transformation. The amount of charge build-up on the specimen surface during EP with different types of electrolytes was calculated using COMSOL multiphysics simulations to understand these phase transformation characteristics. The effect of charge build-up-induced stress was analyzed using previously published first-principles calculations. We discovered that the electrolyte with high relative permittivity accumulated a greater amount of charge build-up, resulting in a stronger driving force for stress-induced martensitic transformation.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.322-329
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• 2024

Because a high strain rate suppresses cross slip and delays dynamic recovery in the alloys with a face-centered cubic (FCC) structure, it is generally accepted that the influence of strain rate on strain hardening rate and tensile strength is greater than that on the yield strength of FCC alloys. The present study examined the tensile behavior of an austenitic stainless steel exhibiting an FCC structure, and revealed that the increment in yield strength was greater than that in tensile strength as the strain rate increased from 5.21×10^-5s^-1 to 4.17×10^-1s^-1. This indicated that the strain hardening rate was reduced by increasing the strain rate, which was inconsistent with the conventional explanation. Adiabatic heating was detected at high strain rates from 5.21×10^-5s^-1, and the resulting temperature increase could elevate stacking fault energy. The tendency for sip planarity was investigated by applying the Ludwigson model to the tensile curves, which suggested that higher stacking fault energy due to adiabatic heating could accelerate cross slip and dynamic recovery, thereby reducing the strain hardening rate.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제38권12호
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• pp.1421-1426
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• 2014

소듐냉각고속로(Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor, SFR)의 안전성 향상을 위해 고온 증기 Rankine 싸이클 대신 초임계 이산화탄소(Supercritical $CO_2$, $S-CO_2$) Brayton 싸이클을 전력변환 시스템에 사용하는 방안이 제시되고 있다. 이 경우, 중간 열교환기로는 확산 접합(Diffusion Bonding)에 의해 제작되는 미소채널형 열교환기인 PCHE(Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger)가 고려되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 PCHE 형 열교환기 후보재료인 다양한 오스테나이트계 합금의 확산접합 특성을 평가하였다. 후보재료별로 다양한 조건에서 확산접합부를 제작하고 상온에서 $650^{\circ}C$까지의 인장 특성을 평가하였다. 평가 결과 SS 316H와 SS 347H는 $550^{\circ}C$까지 모재와 유사한 특성을 보였지만 Fe-Ni-Cr 합금인 Incoloy 800HT는 모든 온도에서 인장특성이 감소하였다. 연신율 저하의 원인을 이해하기 위해 접합부 부근의 미세조직을 분석하였다.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.132-140
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• 1991

오스테나이트계 스테인레스강 SUS316, SUS321 보다 용접성, 내식성 및 극저온인성이 양호하며 기존의 재료보다 고가 첨가 원소인 크롬과 니켈의 함유량을 절감한 새로운 강종의 개발을 목표로 연구를 수행한 결과, 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1) Trans-Varestraint 시험에 의하여 용해 제조강과 수입개의 고온 균열 감수성을 비교 평가한 결과, SUS321 수입재와 SuS321에 대응하여 개발한 강종 사이의 응고 균열 감수성이 거의 동등 내지는 용해 제조강의 고온 균열 저항력이 우수하였다. 따라서 Creq/Nieq의 값 1.43~1.48의 범위에서 합금 설계한 강종 M-1~M-9의 고온 균열 저항력은 기존의 문헌에 의한 테이타와 비교한 결과, 우수함을 알 수 있었다. 2) 샤르피(Charpy V notch) 표준 시험편에 의한 극저온 및 상온에서의 인성을 조사한 결과, 용해 제조강 M-1~M-9의 인성은 양호하였으며 특히 SUS321 수입재와 SUS321 대체재로서 개발한 M-7~M-9의 인성은 수입재의 그것보다 훨씬 높은 값을 나타내었다. 3) JIS G 0574에 의한 입계 부식 감수성을 조사한 결과, 입계 부식 감수성을 낮추기 위해서는 티타늄의 첨가가 매우 유효함을 알 수 있었다. 특히 SUS321 수입재와 SUS321 대응 강종(M-7~M-9)의 내식성은 수입재보다 개발 강종의 내식성이 훨씬 우수하였다. 4) 이상의 고온 균열 감수성과 극저온 및 상온에서의 인성, 내식성을 종합적으로 검토한 결과, 스테인리스강의 고가 첨가 원소인 크롬과 니켈의 첨가량을 절감할 수 있었다. 상기와 같은 관점에서 본 연구 수행에 의하여 새로운 합금 설계 개념에 의거, 새로운 강종의 개발과 생산 원가의 절감 그리고 제품의 품질 향상에 기여할 수 있는 기준을 확립할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.59-69
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• 2000

The purpose of the present study was to investigate weld metallurgical phenomena such as primary solidification mode, microstructural evolution and hot cracking susceptibility in nitrogen-bearing austenitic stainless steel GTA welds. Eight experimental heats varying nitrogen content from 0.007 to 0.23 wt.% were used in this study. Autogenous GTA welding was performed on weld coupons and the primary solidification mode and their microstructural characteristics were investigated from the fusion welds. Varestraint test was employed to evaluate the solidification cracking susceptibility of the heats and TCL(Total Crack Length) was used as cracking susceptibility index. The solidification mode shifted from primary ferrite to primary austenite with an increase in nitrogen content. Retained delta ferrite exhibited a variety of morphology as nitrogen content varied. The weld fusion zone exhibited duplex structure(austenite+ferrite) at nitrogen contents less than 0.10 wt.% but fully austenitic structure at nitrogen contents more than 0.20 wt.%. The weld fusion zone in alloys with about 0.15 wt.% nitrogen experienced primary austenite + primary ferrite solidification (mode AF) and contained delta ferrite less than 1% at room temperature. Regarding to solidification cracking susceptibility, the welds with fully austenitic structure exhibited high cracking susceptibility while those with duplex structure low susceptibility. The cracking susceptibility increased slowly with an increase in nitrogen content up to 0.20 wt.% but sharply as nitrogen content exceeded 0.20 wt.%, which was attributed to solidification mode shift fro primary ferrite to primary austenite single phase solidification.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2006

The effects of microstructure on the damping capacity and tensile properties of 316L stainless steel were investigated. Increasing the degree of cold working, the volume fraction of $\varepsilon-martensite$ decreased after rising to maximum value at specific level of cold working, the volume fraction of d-martensite slowly increased and then dramatically increased from the point of decreasing $\varepsilon-martensite$ volume fraction. Increasing the degree of cold working, the behnvior of damping capacity is similar to that of the $\varepsilon-martensite$. After the damping capacity showing the maximum value at about $20\%$ of cold rolling, damping capacity was decreased with the volume fraction of $\varepsilon-martensite$. Tensile strength was proportional to the volume fraction of d-martensite, and elongation steeply decreased in the range low volume fraction of a'-martensite, then slowly decreased in range the above $10\%$ volume fraction of d-martensite. The damping capacity and elongation is strongly controlled by the volume fraction of $\varepsilon$ martensite with liner relationship. However, the effect of the volume fraction of d-martensite and austenite phase on the damping capacity was not observed. Tensile strength was governed by the volume fraction of d-martensite.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.349-356
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• 2002

For two kinds of 25Cr-20Ni stainless steels, STS310J1TB and STS310S with and without a small amount of Nb and N, creep behavior has been studied in a stress and temperature range from 147 to 392 MPa and from 923 to 773 K with a special reference to tertiary creep. The average creep life of STS310J1TB was about 100 times longer than that of the STS310S. The apparent activation energy for the initial creep rate was 330 kJ/mol in STS310J1TB, while that of the STS310S was 274kJ/mol in a power law creep region and 478 kJ/mol in a region of power law breakdown (PLB). The activation energy for STS310S below PLB is close to the for self-diffusion. When compensating for the temperature dependence of the Young's modulus and the omega value, it was found that the apparent activation energy for STS310J1TB was reduced to the activation energy for diffusion of chromium atom in gamma steel. The stress exponent of STS310S was about 12.3 above PLB and 5.1 in a power law creep region. Notwithstanding that the creep condition for STS310J1TB was in a power law creep region, its stress exponent was 7.9 larger than that of STS310S corresponding to the same creep conditions. This was ascribed to the presence of fine precipitates in STS310J1TB.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.311-317
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• 2007

This study examined the phase changes, nitride precipitation and variation in mechanical properties of STS 304, STS 321 and STS 316L austenitic stainless steels after high temperature gas nitriding (HTGN) at temperature ranges from $1050^{\circ}C\;to\;1150^{\circ}C$. Fine round type of $Cr_2N$ nitrides were observed in the surface layers of 304 and 316L steels, even more in STS 321. Additionally, square type of TiN was found in STS 321 austenitic matrix too. As a result of many precipitates in the surface layer of the STS 321, it was seen $370{\sim}470Hv$ hardness variation depending on the HTGN treatment conditions, and interior region of austenite represented 150Hv. The surface hardness value of STS 304 and STS 316L showed $255{\sim}320Hv$, respectively. The nitrogen content was shown 0.27, 1.7 and 0.4% respectively at the surface layers of the STS 304, STS 321 and STS 316L. After the HTGN it was shown the improvement of corrosion resistance of the STS 321 and STS 316L compared with solution annealed steels in the solution of 1N $H_2SO_4$ whereas the STS 304 was not.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.61-69
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• 2016

A numerical simulation of the solid/liquid coexistence temperature range, using solidification segregation model linked with the Kurz-Giovanola-Trivedi model, explained the mechanism of the BTR shrinkage (with an increase in welding speed) in type 310 stainless steel welds by reduction of the solid/liquid coexistence temperature range of the weld metal due to the inhibited solidification segregation of solute elements and promoted dendrite tip supercooling attributed to rapid solidification of laser beam welding. The reason why the BTR enlarged in type 316 series stainless welds could be clarified by the enhanced solidification segregation of impurity elements (S and P), corresponding to the decrement in ${\delta}-ferrite$ crystallization amount at the solidification completion stage in the laser welds. Furthermore, the greater increase in BTR with type 316-B steel was determined to be due to a larger decrease in ${\delta}-ferrite$ amount during welding solidification than with type 316-A steel. This, in turn, greatly increases the segregation of impurities, which is responsible for the greater temperature range of solid/liquid coexistence when using type 316-B steel.